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System Person Number

Толкование Перевод

1 SPN

1) Компьютерная техника: Separation Program Number

2) Американизм: Security Publication Number, Special Paper Number, Sponsor Program Notice, Sponsor Program Number

3) Военный термин: Secure Private Network, Separation Program Numbers, special program number, standard precision navigation

4) Математика: Simpliest Possible Number

5) Юридический термин: System Person Number

6) Бухгалтерия: Secure Payment Network

7) Автомобильный термин: Suspect Parameter Number

8) Телекоммуникации: Service Panel Number

9) Электроника: Sequential Phase Number, Shift Pulse Network, Signal Plus Noise, Signal Processor Network, Single Pole Network, Switch Panel Network

10) Вычислительная техника: Substitution Permutation Network (Verschluesselung)

11) Транспорт: Shipment Performance Notice

12) Деловая лексика: Simple Purchasing Network

13) Сетевые технологии: Service Principal Names, service protection network, сеть с автоматической защитой от несанкционированного доступа

14) Океанография: Shared Processing Network

15) Майкрософт: имя участника-службы

16) Общественная организация: State Policy Network

17) NYSE. Superior Energy Services, Inc.

18) Аэропорты: Saipan International Airport, Saipan, Mariana Islands

19) НАСА: Software Project Notebook, Spare Part Number, Standard Precision Navigator

20) AMEX. Security Pennsylvania Financial Corporation

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > SPN
2 Spn

1) Компьютерная техника: Separation Program Number

2) Американизм: Security Publication Number, Special Paper Number, Sponsor Program Notice, Sponsor Program Number

3) Военный термин: Secure Private Network, Separation Program Numbers, special program number, standard precision navigation

4) Математика: Simpliest Possible Number

5) Юридический термин: System Person Number

6) Бухгалтерия: Secure Payment Network

7) Автомобильный термин: Suspect Parameter Number

8) Телекоммуникации: Service Panel Number

9) Электроника: Sequential Phase Number, Shift Pulse Network, Signal Plus Noise, Signal Processor Network, Single Pole Network, Switch Panel Network

10) Вычислительная техника: Substitution Permutation Network (Verschluesselung)

11) Транспорт: Shipment Performance Notice

12) Деловая лексика: Simple Purchasing Network

13) Сетевые технологии: Service Principal Names, service protection network, сеть с автоматической защитой от несанкционированного доступа

14) Океанография: Shared Processing Network

15) Майкрософт: имя участника-службы

16) Общественная организация: State Policy Network

17) NYSE. Superior Energy Services, Inc.

18) Аэропорты: Saipan International Airport, Saipan, Mariana Islands

19) НАСА: Software Project Notebook, Spare Part Number, Standard Precision Navigator

20) AMEX. Security Pennsylvania Financial Corporation

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Spn
3 spn

1) Компьютерная техника: Separation Program Number

2) Американизм: Security Publication Number, Special Paper Number, Sponsor Program Notice, Sponsor Program Number

3) Военный термин: Secure Private Network, Separation Program Numbers, special program number, standard precision navigation

4) Математика: Simpliest Possible Number

5) Юридический термин: System Person Number

6) Бухгалтерия: Secure Payment Network

7) Автомобильный термин: Suspect Parameter Number

8) Телекоммуникации: Service Panel Number

9) Электроника: Sequential Phase Number, Shift Pulse Network, Signal Plus Noise, Signal Processor Network, Single Pole Network, Switch Panel Network

10) Вычислительная техника: Substitution Permutation Network (Verschluesselung)

11) Транспорт: Shipment Performance Notice

12) Деловая лексика: Simple Purchasing Network

13) Сетевые технологии: Service Principal Names, service protection network, сеть с автоматической защитой от несанкционированного доступа

14) Океанография: Shared Processing Network

15) Майкрософт: имя участника-службы

16) Общественная организация: State Policy Network

17) NYSE. Superior Energy Services, Inc.

18) Аэропорты: Saipan International Airport, Saipan, Mariana Islands

19) НАСА: Software Project Notebook, Spare Part Number, Standard Precision Navigator

20) AMEX. Security Pennsylvania Financial Corporation

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > spn
4 control device
аппарат управления
Контактный коммутационный аппарат для управления аппаратурой распределения или управления, в том числе для сигнализации, электрической блокировки и т. п.
Примечание. Аппарат управления состоит из одного или нескольких контактных элементов с общей системой управления.
МЭК 60050(441-14-46).
[ ГОСТ Р 50030. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60947-1-99)]

EN

control switch (for control and auxiliary circuits)
a mechanical switching device which serves the purpose of controlling the operation of switchgear or controlgear, including signalling, electrical interlocking, etc
NOTE – A control switch consists of one or more contact elements with a common actuating system.
[IEV number 441-14-46]

FR

auxiliaire de commande (pour circuits auxiliaires de commande)
appareil mécanique de connexion dont la fonction est de commander la manoeuvre d'un appareillage, y compris la signalisation, le verrouillage électrique, etc
NOTE – Un auxiliaire de commande comporte un ou plusieurs éléments de contact et un mécanisme transmetteur commun.
[IEV number 441-14-46]

Тематики
- аппарат, изделие, устройство...
Синонимы
- аппарат для цепей управления и вспомогательных цепей
EN
- control device
- control switch (for control and auxiliary circuits)
DE
- Hilfsstromschalter
FR
- auxiliaire de commande (pour circuits auxiliaires de commande)
контрольно-измерительное оборудование
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- control device
орган управления
Часть ~~системы~~ аппарата управления, к которой прилагается извне усилие управления.
МЭК 60050(441-15-22).
Примечание. Орган управления может иметь форму рукоятки, ручки, нажимной кнопки, ролика, плунжера и т. п.
[ ГОСТ Р 50030. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60947-1-99)]

орган управления
Часть приводного механизма, к которой прикладывается внешняя сила воздействия.
Примечание - Орган управления может иметь форму ручки, кнопки, ролика, поршня и т.д.
[ ГОСТ Р 52726-2007]

орган управления
Часть системы привода, подвергаемая внешнему силовому воздействию.
Примечания
1. Орган управления может иметь форму ручки, рукоятки, нажимной кнопки, ролика, плунжера и т.д.
2. Есть несколько способов приведения в действие, которые не требуют внешнего силового воздействия, а только какого-либо действия.
[ГОСТ ЕН 1070-2003]

орган управления
Часть системы управления, которая предназначена непосредственно для воздействия оператором, например путем нажатия.
[ГОСТ Р ЕН 614-1-2003]

орган управления
Часть системы приведения в действие, которая принимает воздействие человека.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60447-2000]

орган управления
Часть системы приведения в действие, которая воспринимает воздействие человека (ГОСТ Р МЭК 60447).
Примечание
В настоящем стандарте орган управления в виде интерактивного экранного устройства отображения является частью этого устройства, которое представляет функцию органа управления.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60073-2000]

орган управления
Часть механизма прибора управления, на который оказывается вручную внешнее силовое воздействие.
Примечание.
Орган управления может иметь форму ручки, рукоятки, кнопки, ролика, плунжера и т.д.
Некоторые органы управления не требуют воздействия внешней силы, а только какого-либо действия.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60204-1-2007]

органы управления
Ручки, переключатели, потенциометры и другие органы, служащие для включения и регулировки аппаратуры. Термин относится преимущественно к аналоговым приборам.
[Система неразрушающего контроля. Виды (методы) и технология неразрушающего контроля. Термины и определения (справочное пособие). Москва 2003 г.]

орган управления
-
[IEV number 442-04-14]

средства оперирования
-
[Интент]

EN

actuator
the part of the actuating system to which an external actuating force is applied
NOTE – The actuator may take the form of a handle, knob, push-button, roller, plunger, etc.
[IEV number 441-15-22]

actuator
part of a device to which an external manual action is to be applied
NOTE 1 The actuator may take the form of a handle, knob, push-button, roller, plunger, etc.
NOTE 2 There are some actuating means that do not require an external actuating force, but only an action.
NOTE 3 See also 3.34.
[IEC 60204-1 -2005]

actuating member
a part which is pulled, pushed, turned or otherwise moved to cause an operation of the switch
[IEV number 442-04-14]

FR

organe de commande
partie du mécanisme transmetteur à laquelle un effort extérieur de manoeuvre est appliqué
NOTE – L'organe de commande peut prendre la forme d'une poignée, d'un bouton, d'un bouton-poussoir, d'une roulette, d'un plongeur, etc.
[IEV number 441-15-22]

organe de manoeuvre
partie qui est tirée, poussée, tournée ou manipulée de toute autre façon pour provoquer le fonctionnement de l'interrupteur
[IEV number 442-04-14]

Аппарат должен оставаться механически действующим. Не допускается сваривание контактов, препятствующее операции размыкания при использовании нормальных средств оперирования.
[ГОСТ Р 50030.3-99 (МЭК 60947-3-99) ]

ВДТ следует оперировать как при нормальной эксплуатации. Операции размыкания должны проводиться в следующем порядке:
для первых 1000 циклов — с использованием ручных средств оперирования;...
[ ГОСТ Р 51326. 1-99 ( МЭК 61008-1-96)]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

The operating means (for example, a handle) of the supply disconnecting device shall be easily accessible and located between 0,6 m and 1,9 m above the servicing level.
[IEC 60204-1-2006]

Органы управления, например, рукоятки аппаратов отключения питания, должны быть легко доступны и располагаться на высоте от 0,6 до 1,9 м от рабочей площадки.
[Перевод Интент]

Where the external operating means is not intended for emergency operations, it is recommended that it be coloured BLACK or GREY.
[IEC 60204-1-2006]

Если внешние средства оперирования не предназначены для выполнения действий при возникновении аварийных ситуаций, то рекомендуется, применять такие средства ЧЕРНОГО или СЕРОГО цвета.
[Перевод Интент]

1.2.2. Control devices

Control devices must be:
— clearly visible and identifiable and appropriately marked where necessary,
— positioned for safe operation without hesitation or loss of time, and without ambiguity,
— designed so that the movement of the control is consistent with its effect,
— located outside the danger zones, except for certain controls where necessary, such as emergency stop, console for training of robots,
— positioned so that their operation cannot cause additional risk,
— designed or protected so that the desired effect, where a risk is involved, cannot occur without an intentional operation,
— made so as to withstand foreseeable strain; particular attention must be paid to emergency stop devices liable to be subjected to considerable strain.

1.2.2. Органы управления

Органы управления должны быть:
- четко видны, хорошо различимы и, где это необходимо, иметь соответствующее обозначение;
- расположены так, чтобы ими можно было пользоваться без возникновения сомнений и потерь времени на выяснение их назначения;
- сконструированы так, чтобы перемещение органа управления согласовывалось с их воздействием;
- расположены вне опасных зон; исключение, где это необходимо, делается для определенных средств управления, таких, как средство экстренной остановки, пульт управления роботом;
- расположены так, чтобы их использование не вызывало дополнительных рисков;
- сконструированы или защищены так, чтобы в случаях, где возможно возникновение рисков, они не могли бы возникнуть без выполнения намеренных действий;
- сделаны так, чтобы выдерживать предполагаемую нагрузку; при этом особое внимание уделяется органам аварийного останова, которые могут подвергаться значительным нагрузкам.

Where a control is designed and constructed to perform several different actions, namely where there is no one-to-one correspondence (e.g. keyboards, etc.), the action to be performed must be clearly displayed and subject to confirmation where necessary.

Если орган управления предназначен для выполнения разных действий, например, если в качестве органа управления используется клавиатура или аналогичное устройство, то должна выводиться четкая информация о предстоящем действии, и, если необходимо, должно выполняться подтверждение на выполнение такого действия.

Controls must be so arranged that their layout, travel and resistance to operation are compatible with the action to be performed, taking account of ergonomic principles.

Органы управления должны быть организованы таким образом, чтобы их расположение, перемещение их элементов и усилие, которое оператор затрачивает на их перемещение, соответствовали выполняемым операциям и принципам эргономики.

Constraints due to the necessary or foreseeable use of personal protection equipment (such as footwear, gloves, etc.) must be taken into account.

Необходимо учитывать скованность движений операторов при использовании необходимых или предусмотренных средств индивидуальной защиты (таких, как специальная обувь, перчатки и др.).

Machinery must be fitted with indicators (dials, signals, etc.) as required for safe operation. The operator must be able to read them from the control position.

Для обеспечения безопасной эксплуатации машинное оборудование должно быть оснащено индикаторами (циферблатами, устройствами сигнализации и т. д.). Оператор должен иметь возможность считывать их с места управления.

From the main control position the operator must be able to ensure that there are no exposed persons in the danger zones.

Находясь в главном пункте управления, оператор должен иметь возможность контролировать отсутствие незащищенных лиц.

If this is impossible, the control system must be designed and constructed so that an acoustic and/ or visual warning signal is given whenever the machinery is about to start.

Если это невозможно, то система управления должна быть разработана и изготовлена так, чтобы перед каждым пуском машинного оборудования подавался звуковой и/или световой предупредительный сигнал.

The exposed person must have the time and the means to take rapid action to prevent the machinery starting up.

[DIRECTIVE 98/37/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL]

Незащищенное лицо должно иметь достаточно времени и средств для быстрого предотвращения пуска машинного оборудования.

[Перевод Интент]

Тематики
- автоматизация, основные понятия
- аппарат, изделие, устройство...
- безопасность машин и труда в целом
- выключатель автоматический
- выключатель, переключатель
- высоковольтный аппарат, оборудование...
- электробезопасность
- электротехника, основные понятия
Синонимы
- средства оперирования
EN
DE
FR
- organe de commande
- organe de manoeuvre
управляющее устройство
Устройство, включенное в цепь управления и используемое для управления работой машины (например, датчик положения, ручной контрольный переключатель, реле, электромагнитный клапан).
[ГОСТ ЕН 1070-2003]

EN
- control device
DE
- Steuergerät
FR
- appareil de commande
управляющее устройство (электропривода)
Устройство, предназначенное для формирования управляющих воздействий в электроприводе.
[ ГОСТ Р 50369-92]

Тематики
- электропривод
EN
- control device
DE
- Steuereinrichtung
устройство для регулирования дебета
—
[ http://slovarionline.ru/anglo_russkiy_slovar_neftegazovoy_promyishlennosti/]

Тематики
- нефтегазовая промышленность
EN
- control device
устройство контроля
контрольный прибор
средство контроля
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]

Тематики
- информационные технологии в целом
Синонимы
- контрольный прибор
- средство контроля
EN
- control device
~~прибор~~ устройство цепи управления
~~Прибор~~ Устройство, включенныйое в цепь управления и используемыйое для управления работой машины (например, датчик положения, ручной выключатель управления, реле, контактор, электромагнитный клапан).
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60204-1-2007]

EN

control device
device connected into the control circuit and used for controlling the operation of the machine (for example position sensor, manual control switch, relay, contactor, magnetically operated valve)
[IEC 60204-1, ed. 5.0 (2005-10)]
[IEC 60204-1-2006]

FR

appareil de commande
appareil raccordé au circuit de commande et servant à commander le fonctionnement de la machine (par exemple un capteur de position, un auxiliaire manuel de commande, un relais, un contacteur, un électrodistributeur)
[IEC 60204-1, ed. 5.0 (2005-10)]

Номинальный ток коммутационной аппаратуры выбирают с учетом мощностей, потребляемых всеми устройствами цепи управления.
[ ГОСТ Р ИСО 8528-4—2005]

Одно устройство для цепи управления может иметь несколько групп механически связанных контактных элементов.
[ ГОСТ Р 50030.5.1-2005 (МЭК 60947-5-1:2003)]

Электромеханические устройства цепей управления
[МЭК 60947-5-1:2003]

При питании от понижающего трансформатора через выпрямительное устройство цепей управления постоянного тока, имеющих выключатели безопасности, один из полюсов этого устройства на стороне выпрямленного напряжения должен быть заземлен.
[Правила устройства и безопасной эксплуатации лифтов ]

Недопустимые, нерекомендуемые
- прибор управления (1)
Примечание(1)- Мнение автора карточки
Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
- электроустановки
EN
- control device
FR
- appareil de commande
фонтанная задвижка
—
[ http://slovarionline.ru/anglo_russkiy_slovar_neftegazovoy_promyishlennosti/]

Тематики
- нефтегазовая промышленность
EN
устройство управления (control device): Средство, с помощью которого пользователь управляет креслом-коляской с электроприводом, чтобы двигаться с выбранной скоростью в выбранном направлении.

Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 7176-22-2004: Кресла-коляски. Часть 22. Правила установки оригинал документа

3.1.14 контрольное устройство (control device): Устройство, показывающее нормальную работу объекта или необходимость приведения его в действие.

Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 12509-2010: Машины землеройные. Осветительные, сигнальные и габаритные огни и светоотражатели оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > control device
5 performance
1. эксплуатационные характеристики
2. характеристики (работы)/качество работы
3. характеристика
4. функциональные характеристики
5. технические характеристики
6. результаты деятельности компании
7. рабочие характеристики
8. рабочие параметры
9. рабочая характеристика
10. работоспособность
11. производительность
12. коэффициент полезного действия
13. качество функционирования
14. качественные показатели
15. исправная работа (машины)
16. исполнение
17. деятельность
18. выступление
выступление
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

EN

Тематики
- спорт (общая терминология)
EN
- performance
исправная работа (машины)
—
[ http://slovarionline.ru/anglo_russkiy_slovar_neftegazovoy_promyishlennosti/]

Тематики
- нефтегазовая промышленность
EN
- performance
качественные показатели
качество
качественные характеристики
рабочая характеристика
показатели работы
исполнение
работа
производительность
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]

Тематики
- информационные технологии в целом
Синонимы
EN
- performance
качество функционирования
—
[ http://slovarionline.ru/anglo_russkiy_slovar_neftegazovoy_promyishlennosti/]

Тематики
- нефтегазовая промышленность
EN
- performance
коэффициент полезного действия
Отношение отдаваемой мощности к потребляемой активной мощности.
[ОСТ 45.55-99]

коэффициент полезного действия
КПД
Величина, характеризующая совершенство процессов превращения, преобразования или передачи энергии, являющаяся отношением полезной энергии к подведенной.
[РД 01.120.00-КТН-228-06]

коэффициент полезного действия
-
[IEV number 151-15-25]

EN

efficiency
ratio of output power to input power of a device
NOTE – If the output power and/or input power is electric, active power is meant.
[IEV number 151-15-25]

FR

rendement, m
rapport de la puissance de sortie à la puissance d'entrée d’un dispositif
NOTE – Lorsque la puissance d’entrée ou de sortie est électrique, il s’agit de puissance active.
[IEV number 151-15-25]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
Синонимы
- КПД
EN
DE
- Wirkungsgrad
FR
- rendement, m
производительность
В количественном выражении это объем выпуска, деленный на объем потребленных ресурсов. В широком смысле относительная эффективность и экономичность организации.
[ http://tourlib.net/books_men/meskon_glossary.htm]

производительность
Мера того, что достигнуто или выработано системой, человеком, командой, процессом, или ИТ-услугой.
[Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]

EN

performance
A measure of what is achieved or delivered by a system, person, team, process or IT service.
[Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г. ]

Тематики
- информационные технологии в целом
- менеджмент в целом
EN
- performance
- productivity
работоспособность
Состояние, при котором транспортное средство или его компоненты могут выполнять свои функции в соответствии с конструкторской или эксплуатационной документацией.
[Технический регламент о безопасности колесных транспортных средств]

работоспособность
-
[Интент]

Тематики
- автотранспортная техника
- общая техническая лексика
EN
рабочая характеристика
-

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

If an MCCB is used in an elevated area higher than 2000m sea level, its operating performance is subject to dramatic drop in atmospheric pressure and temperature.
[LS Industrial Systems]

На рабочие характеристики автоматических выключателей в литом корпусе, работающих на высоте более 2000 м над уровнем моря, оказывают серьезное воздействие понижение атмосферного давления и температуры.
[Перевод Интент]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
рабочие параметры
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
рабочие характеристики
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
результаты деятельности компании
Соотношение доходов и расходов компании, как это представлено в отчете о прибылях и убытках. См.Финансовый результат.
[ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]

Тематики
- экономика
EN
- performance
технические характеристики
Ряд номинальных параметров или условий эксплуатации.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-426-2006]

технические характеристики
-
[Интент]

Тематики
- взрывозащита
- проектирование, документация
EN
FR
- caractéristiques generales
- caractéristiques techniques
функциональные характеристики
эксплуатационные характеристики
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]

Тематики
- информационные технологии в целом
Синонимы
- эксплуатационные характеристики
EN
- performance
характеристика
Отличительное свойство.
Примечания
1. Характеристика может быть присущей или присвоенной.
2. Характеристика может быть качественной или количественной.
3. Существуют различные классы характеристик, такие как:
- физические (например, механические, электрические, химические или биологические характеристики);
- органолептические (например, связанные с запахом, осязанием, вкусом, зрением, слухом);
- этические (например, вежливость, честность, правдивость);
- временные(например, пунктуальность, безотказность, доступность);
- эргономические(например, физиологические характеристики или связанные с безопасностью человека);
- функциональные(например, максимальная скорость самолета).
[ ГОСТ Р ИСО 9000-2008]

характеристика
-
[IEV number 151-15-34]

EN

characteristic
relationship between two or more variable quantities describing the performance of a device under given conditions
[IEV number 151-15-34]

FR

(fonction) caractéristique, f
relation entre deux ou plusieurs variables décrivant le fonctionnement d'un dispositif dans des conditions spécifiées
[IEV number 151-15-34]

Тематики
- системы менеджмента качества
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
DE
- Charakteristik
FR
- (fonction) caractéristique, f
характеристики (работы)/качество работы
Свойство, позволяющее отслеживать уровни использования услуг и ресурсов и влиять на оперативность и надежность сети посредством обратной связи. (МСЭ-Т Q.1741).
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]

Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
- performance
2.24 деятельность (performance): Достижения в ходе мероприятия, процесса (2.31) или организации.

Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 24511-2009: Деятельность, связанная с услугами питьевого водоснабжения и удаления сточных вод. Руководящие указания для менеджмента коммунальных предприятий и оценке услуг удаления сточных вод оригинал документа

2.24 деятельность (performance): Достижения в ходе мероприятия, процесса (2.31) или организации.

Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 24512-2009: Деятельность, связанная с услугами питьевого водоснабжения и удаления сточных вод. Руководящие указания для менеджмента систем питьевого водоснабжения и оценке услуг питьевого водоснабжения оригинал документа

3.12 эксплуатационные характеристики (performance): Эффективность, с которой выполняется заданная функция (например, время реагирования, точность, чувствительность к изменению параметров).

Источник: ГОСТ Р МЭК 61226-2011: Атомные станции. Системы контроля и управления, важные для безопасности. Классификация функций контроля и управления оригинал документа

2.24 деятельность (performance): Достижения в ходе мероприятия, процесса (2.31) или организации.

Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 24510-2009: Деятельность, связанная с услугами питьевого водоснабжения и удаления сточных вод. Руководящие указания по оценке и улучшению услуги, оказываемой потребителям оригинал документа

3.11 исполнение (performance): Условия эксплуатации, для которых показатели назначения газоанализатора установлены опытным путем.

Источник: ГОСТ Р МЭК 61207-1-2009: Газоанализаторы. Выражение эксплуатационных характеристик. Часть 1. Общие положения оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > performance
6 measure

measure ⇒ Length measurement, Surface area measurements, Capacity measurement, Volume measurement, Weight measurement, Sizes

A n

1 ( unit) unité f de mesure ; weights and measures les poids mpl et mesures fpl ; a measure of length une unité de longueur ; liquid measure mesure f de capacité pour les liquides ; to make sth to measure faire qch sur mesure ; it's made to measure ( garment) c'est fait sur mesure, c'est du sur mesure ;

2 (standard amount, container) mesure f ; a double measure of vodka une double mesure de vodka ; he gave me short measure, I got short measure il a triché sur la quantité ;

3 ( device for measuring) instrument m de mesure ;

4 fig (qualified amount, extent) some ou a certain measure of un/-e certain/-e ; a measure of respect/success/change un certain respect/succès/changement ; to receive only a small measure of support ne recevoir qu'un soutien limité ; a good ou wide measure of autonomy une grande autonomie ; in large measure dans une large mesure ; she despised them and envied them in equal measure elle les méprisait autant qu'elle les enviait ; to distribute praise and blame in equal measure faire autant de compliments que de critiques ; in full measure [feel, possess, fulfil, contribute] pleinement ; [repay] entièrement ; [suffer] profondément ;

5 (way of estimating, indication) ( of price rises) mesure f ; (of success, anger, frustration etc) mesure f, indication f ; (of efficiency, performance) critère m ; to be the measure of donner la mesure de ; to give some measure of donner une idée de [delight, failure, talent, arrogance etc] ; to use sth as a measure of utiliser qch pour mesurer [effects, impact, success] ; this is a measure of how dangerous it is ceci montre à quel point c'est dangereux ; this is a measure of how seriously they are taking the situation ceci montre à quel point ils prennent la situation au sérieux ; that is a measure of how well the company is run cela mesure la qualité de la gestion de la société ;

6 ( assessment) beyond measure [change, increase] énormément ; [anxious, beautiful, difficult] extrêmement ; it has improved beyond measure il y a eu d'énormes progrès ; to take the measure of sb jauger qn ; I have the measure of them je sais ce qu'ils valent ;

7 (action, step) mesure f (against contre ; to do pour faire) ; to take measures prendre des mesures ; safety ou security measure mesure de sécurité ; measures aimed at doing des mesures destinées à faire ; to do sth as a precautionary/an economy measure faire qch par mesure de précaution/d'économie ; as a preventive measure à titre préventif ; as a temporary measure provisoirement ; the measure was defeated Pol Jur la mesure a été rejetée ;

8 Dance, Mus, Literat mesure f.

B vtr

1 ( by standard system) [person, instrument] mesurer [length, rate, depth, person, waist] ; to measure sth in mesurer qch en [metres, inches] ; to get oneself measured for faire prendre ses mesures pour ; over a measured kilometre Sport sur un kilomètre (délimité par des balises) ; to measure sth into mesurer qch dans [container] ;

2 ( have a measurement of) mesurer ; to measure four by five metres mesurer quatre mètres sur cinq ; a tremor measuring 5.2 on the Richter scale une secousse de 5,2 sur l'échelle de Richter ;

3 ( assess) mesurer [performance, ability, success, popularity] ; they measure their progress by the number of ils mesurent leur progrès au nombre de ;

4 ( compare) to measure sth against comparer qch à [achievement, standard, effort].

C vi [person, instrument] mesurer.

D v refl to measure oneself against sb se mesurer à qn.

Idioms

for good measure pour faire bonne mesure ; to do things by half-measures se contenter de demi-mesures ; there can be no half-measures il ne saurait être question de demi-mesures.

Phrasal verbs

■ measure off:

▶ measure off [sth] mesurer [fabric, ribbon etc].

■ measure out:

▶ measure out [sth] mesurer [land, flour, liquid] ; doser [medicine] ; compter [drops].

■ measure up:

▶ measure up [person] avoir les qualités requises ; [product] être de qualité ; to measure up against sb être l'égal de qn ; to measure up to être à la hauteur de [expectations] ; soutenir la comparaison avec [achievement] ;

▶ measure up [sth] mesurer [room etc].

Big English-French dictionary > measure
7 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
8 service

1. noun
1) (doing of work for employer etc.) Dienst, der

give good service — gute Dienste leisten

do service as something — als etwas dienen

he died in the service of his country — er starb in Pflichterfüllung für sein Vaterland

2) (something done to help others)

do somebody a service — jemandem einen guten Dienst erweisen

services — Dienste; (Econ.) Dienstleistungen

[in recognition of her] services to the hospital/state — [in Anerkennung ihrer] Verdienste um das Krankenhaus/den Staat

3) (Eccl.) Gottesdienst, der

4) (act of attending to customer) Service, der; (in shop, garage, etc.) Bedienung, die

5) (system of transport) Verbindung, die

there is no bus service on Sundays — sonntags verkehren keine Busse

the number 325 bus service — die Buslinie Nr. 325

6) (provision of maintenance)

[after-sale or follow-up] service — Kundendienst, der

take one's car in for a service — sein Auto zur Inspektion bringen

7) no pl., no art. (operation) Betrieb, der

bring into service — in Betrieb nehmen

out of service — außer Betrieb

take out of service — außer Betrieb setzen

go or come into service — in Betrieb genommen werden

8) (Tennis etc.) Aufschlag, der

whose service is it? — wer hat Aufschlag?

9) (crockery set) Service, das

dessert/tea service — Dessert-/Tee-Service, das

10) (assistance)

can I be of service [to you]? — kann ich Ihnen behilflich sein?

11) (person's behalf)

in his service — in seinem Auftrag

I'm at your service — ich stehe zu Ihren Diensten

12)

the consular service — der Konsulatsdienst

BBC World Service — BBC Weltsender

public service — öffentlicher Dienst

13) in pl. (Brit.): (public supply) Versorgungseinrichtungen

14) (Mil.)

the [armed or fighting] services — die Streitkräfte

in the services — beim Militär

15) (being servant)

be in/go into service — in Stellung sein/gehen (veralt.) ( with bei)
2. transitive verb
1) (provide maintenance for) warten [Wagen, Waschmaschine, Heizung]

take one's car to be serviced — sein Auto zur Inspektion bringen

2) (pay interest on) Zinsen zahlen für [Schulden]

* * *

(the ships of a country that are employed in trading, and their crews: His son has joined the merchant navy.) Handels-...

* * *

ser·vice

[ˈsɜ:vɪs, AM ˈsɜ:r-]

I. n

1. no pl (help for customers) Service m; (in hotels, restaurants, shops) Bedienung f

customer \service Kundendienst m

to be at sb's \service ( hum) jdm zu Diensten stehen hum

to offer \service Hilfe anbieten

2. (act of working) Dienst m, Dienstleistung f

3. ( form: assistance) Unterstützung f; (aid, help) Hilfe f; (being useful) Gefälligkeit f, [guter] Dienst

▪ to be of \service [to sb] [jdm] von Nutzen sein [o nützen]

I'm just glad to have been of \service es freut mich, dass ich mich ein wenig nützlich machen konnte

to need the \services of a surveyor einen Gutachter/eine Gutachterin brauchen

to do sb a \service jdm einen Dienst erweisen

to see some [or give good] \service ( fig) viel im Einsatz sein

these boots have seen some \service! diese Stiefel sind ziemlich strapaziert worden!

4. (public or government department) Dienst m

civil/diplomatic \service öffentlicher/diplomatischer Dienst

5. (system for public) Dienst m; (organization for public) Beratungsdienst m, Beratungsstelle f

ambulance \service Rettungsdienst m

bus/train \service Bus-/Zugverbindung f

counselling \service psychologischer Beratungsdienst

health \service Gesundheitsdienst m, Gesundheitswesen nt ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ

prison \service Strafvollzug m

[public] transport \service [öffentliches] Transportwesen

6. (operation) Betrieb m

postal \service Postwesen nt, Post f fam

to operate a [normal/reduced] \service bus, train eine [normale/eingeschränkte] Verbindung unterhalten [o betreiben

7. (roadside facilities)

▪ \services pl Raststätte f

8. (tennis, etc.) Aufschlag m

to lose one's \service seinen Aufschlag abgeben

9. (armed forces) Militär nt

▪ the \services das Militär nt kein pl

to spend time [or be] in the \service beim Militär sein

to be [un]fit for \service militär[un]tauglich sein

military \service Militärdienst m

a career in the \services eine militärische Laufbahn

10. (religious ceremony) Gottesdienst m

funeral \service Trauergottesdienst m

morning/evening \service Frühmesse f/Abendandacht f

to go to [or attend] a \service zu einem Gottesdienst gehen, einen Gottesdienst besuchen

to hold a \service einen Gottesdienst [ab]halten

11. esp BRIT (maintenance check) Wartung f; AUTO Inspektion f

\service contract Wartungsvertrag m

to take one's car in for a \service sein Auto zur Inspektion bringen

12. (set of crockery) Service nt

tea \service Teeservice nt

13.

▶ to be in \service (employed as servant) in Stellung sein; (be in use, in operation) im Einsatz sein

II. vt

▪ to \service sth etw überholen [o überprüfen]; appliances etw warten

* * *
['sɜːvɪs]
1. n

1) Dienst m

his faithful service — seine treuen Dienste

services to one's country/the Queen (of soldier etc) — Dienst an seinem Vaterland/für die Königin

her services to industry/the country (politician, industrialist) —

he died in the service of his country — er starb in Pflichterfüllung für sein Vaterland

he has ten years' service behind him — er hat zehn Jahre Dienstzeit hinter sich (dat)

to do sb a service — jdm einen Dienst erweisen

to do or see good service —

this box did service as a table — diese Kiste hat schon als Tisch gedient

to be of service — nützlich sein

to be of service to sb —

it's of little service in an emergency — im Notfall nützt es wenig

to be at sb's service — jdm zur Verfügung stehen; (person also) jdm zu Diensten stehen

can I be of service to you? — kann ich Ihnen behilflich sein?

out of service — außer Betrieb

to need the services of a lawyer — einen Anwalt brauchen, einen Anwalt zuziehen müssen

2) (= operation) Betrieb m

to be out of service — außer Betrieb sein

to bring sth into service — etw in Betrieb nehmen

to come into service — in Betrieb genommen werden

"this number is not in service" ( US Telec ) — "kein Anschluss under dieser Nummer"

3) (MIL) Militärdienst m

to see service as a soldier/sailor — beim Militär/in der Marine dienen

when I was in the services — als ich beim Militär war

the three services — die drei Waffengattungen

4) (with adj attr = branch, department etc) -dienst m

telephone service — Telekommunikation f

BT offers different telephone services — BT bietet eine Reihe von (Telekommunikations)dienstleistungen an

medical service(s) — ärztliche Versorgung

5) (to customers) Service m; (in shop, restaurant etc) Bedienung f

6) (= bus, train, plane service etc) Bus-/Zug-/Flugverbindung f

to increase services in rural areas — den Verkehr or die Verkehrslage in ländlichen Gebieten verbessern

there's no service to Oban on Sundays — sonntags besteht kein Zug-/Busverkehr nach Oban

the number 12 (bus) service — die Linie 12

7) (= domestic service) Dienst m, Stellung f

to be in service (with sb) — (bei jdm) in Stellung sein, in jds Dienst (dat) stehen

to go into service (with sb) — (bei jdm) in Stellung gehen, in jds Dienst (acc) treten

8) (ECCL) Gottesdienst m

9) (of machines) Wartung f; (AUT = major service) Inspektion f

my car is in for/has had a service — mein Auto wird/wurde gewartet, mein Auto ist/war zur Inspektion

10) (= tea or coffee set) Service nt

11) (TENNIS) Aufschlag m

to lose one's service — seinen Aufschlag abgeben

whose service is it? — wer hat Aufschlag?

12) (JUR) Zustellung f

13) pl (commercial) Dienstleistungen pl; (gas, electricity, water) Versorgungsnetz nt

all the services have been cut off — Gas, Wasser und Strom sind abgestellt worden

14) pl (Brit MOT) Tankstelle und Raststätte f

2. vt

1) car, machine warten

to send a car to be serviced — ein Auto warten lassen; (major service) ein Auto zur Inspektion geben

2) area bedienen; committee etc zuarbeiten (+dat)

to service sb's needs — jds Bedürfnissen gerecht werden

3) cow, mare decken

4) (FIN) loan, debt bedienen

* * *

service¹ [ˈsɜːvıs; US ˈsɜr-]

A s

1. Dienst m, Stellung f (besonders von Hausangestellten):

be in service in Stellung sein;

take sb into one’s service jemanden einstellen;

year of service Dienstjahr n

2. Dienst m, Arbeit f

3. a) Dienstleistung f ( auch WIRTSCH, JUR), Dienst m (to an dat):

for services rendered für geleistete Dienste;

the service to our customers unser Kundendienst;

he paid her for her services er bezahlte sie für ihre Dienste

b) pl Verdienste pl (to um)

4. (guter) Dienst, Hilfe f, Gefälligkeit f:

to do ( oder render) sb a service jemandem einen Dienst erweisen;

at your service zu Ihren Diensten;

be (place) at sb’s service jemandem zur Verfügung stehen (stellen);

“On Her ( oder His) Majesty’s Service” Postwesen: Br „(gebührenfreie) Dienstsache“

5. WIRTSCH etc Bedienung f:

he had to wait five minutes for service er musste fünf Minuten warten, bis er bedient wurde

6. Nutzen m:

will it be of any service to you? kann es dir irgend etwas nützen?

7. (Nacht-, Nachrichten-, Presse-, Telefon- etc) Dienst m

8. a) Versorgung(sdienst) f(m)

b) Versorgungsbetrieb m:

(gas) water service (Gas-)Wasserversorgung

9. öffentlicher Dienst: → academic.ru/13161/civil_service">civil service, diplomatic A 1

10. Aufgabe f, Amt n, Funktion f (eines Staatsbeamten etc)

11. MIL

a) (Wehr-, Militär) Dienst m

b) meist pl Truppe f, Waffengattung f

c) Streitkräfte pl: → active A 8, armed² 1, senior A 3

12. MIL Aktion f, Unternehmen n

13. MIL US (technische) Versorgungstruppe

14. MIL Bedienung f (eines Geschützes etc)

15. meist pl Hilfsdienst m:

medical service(s)

16. TECH

a) Bedienung f

b) Betrieb m (einer Maschine etc):

in (out of) service in (außer) Betrieb;

service conditions Betriebsbedingungen, -beanspruchung f

17. TECH

a) Wartung f, AUTO auch Inspektion f

b) Service m, Kundendienst m (auch als Einrichtung)

18. BAHN etc Verkehr(sfolge) m(f), Betrieb m:

a twenty-minute service ein Zwanzig-Minuten-Verkehr

19. REL

a) Gottesdienst m

b) Liturgie f

20. MUS musikalischer Teil (der Liturgie):

Mozart’s service Mozart-Messe f

21. Service n (Essgeschirr etc):

a service for six ein Service für sechs Personen

22. JUR Zustellung f

23. JUR, HIST

a) (Art) Deputat n, Abgabe f

b) Dienstleistung f (für einen Feudalherrn)

24. SCHIFF Bekleidung f (eines Taues)

25. Service m, auch n:

a) Tennis etc: Aufschlag m:

hold one’s service sein Aufschlagspiel gewinnen, seinen Aufschlag durchbringen oder halten;

on one’s (own) service bei eigenem Aufschlag; → break¹ B 1

b) Volleyball: Aufgabe f

B v/t

1. TECH

a) warten, pflegen

b) überholen, instand setzen:

my car is being serviced mein Wagen ist bei der Inspektion oder beim Kundendienst

2. beliefern, versorgen ( beide:

with mit Material, Nachrichten etc)

3. ZOOL eine Stute etc decken

service² [ˈsɜːvıs; US ˈsɜr-] s BOT

1. Spierbaum m

2. auch wild service (tree) Elsbeerbaum m

serv. abk

1. servant

2. service

* * *
1. noun
1) (doing of work for employer etc.) Dienst, der

give good service — gute Dienste leisten

do service as something — als etwas dienen

he died in the service of his country — er starb in Pflichterfüllung für sein Vaterland

2) (something done to help others)

do somebody a service — jemandem einen guten Dienst erweisen

services — Dienste; (Econ.) Dienstleistungen

[in recognition of her] services to the hospital/state — [in Anerkennung ihrer] Verdienste um das Krankenhaus/den Staat

3) (Eccl.) Gottesdienst, der

4) (act of attending to customer) Service, der; (in shop, garage, etc.) Bedienung, die

5) (system of transport) Verbindung, die

there is no bus service on Sundays — sonntags verkehren keine Busse

the number 325 bus service — die Buslinie Nr. 325

6) (provision of maintenance)

[after-sale or follow-up] service — Kundendienst, der

take one's car in for a service — sein Auto zur Inspektion bringen

7) no pl., no art. (operation) Betrieb, der

bring into service — in Betrieb nehmen

out of service — außer Betrieb

take out of service — außer Betrieb setzen

go or come into service — in Betrieb genommen werden

8) (Tennis etc.) Aufschlag, der

whose service is it? — wer hat Aufschlag?

9) (crockery set) Service, das

dessert/tea service — Dessert-/Tee-Service, das

10) (assistance)

can I be of service [to you]? — kann ich Ihnen behilflich sein?

11) (person's behalf)

in his service — in seinem Auftrag

I'm at your service — ich stehe zu Ihren Diensten

12)

the consular service — der Konsulatsdienst

BBC World Service — BBC Weltsender

public service — öffentlicher Dienst

13) in pl. (Brit.): (public supply) Versorgungseinrichtungen

14) (Mil.)

the [armed or fighting] services — die Streitkräfte

in the services — beim Militär

15) (being servant)

be in/go into service — in Stellung sein/gehen (veralt.) ( with bei)
2. transitive verb
1) (provide maintenance for) warten [Wagen, Waschmaschine, Heizung]

take one's car to be serviced — sein Auto zur Inspektion bringen

2) (pay interest on) Zinsen zahlen für [Schulden]

* * *

n.

Betrieb -e m.

Dienst -e m.

Dienstleistung f.

Gottesdienst m.

Kundendienst m.

Wartung -en f. v.

warten v.

English-german dictionary > service
9 Artificial Intelligence

   1) Programs and the Complexity of Human Mental Processes

   In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)

   2) Artificial Intelligence Is an Engineering Discipline

   Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)

   3) A Sceptical View of Artificial Intelligence

   Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inﬂated predictions....

   When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)

   4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually

   Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the Program

   Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)

   6) The Meaning of a Symbolic Description

   What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   7) The Principle of Artificial Intelligence

   [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)

   8) Artificial Intelligence Recognizes the Need for Knowledge in Its Systems

   The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)

   9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form

   The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)

    10) There Are Many Types of Reasoning

   There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:

    Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins ﬂy? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can ﬂy, so robins probably can ﬂy."

    Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)

    11) Programs Are Beginning to Do Things That Critics Have Asserted to Be Impossible

   Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)

    12) The Synthesis of Man and Machine

   Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)

    13) The Thesis of Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI)

   The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)

    14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation

   It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)

    15) Four Kinds of Artificial Intelligence

   We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.

   ♦ Nonpsychological AI

   Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.

   ♦ Weak Psychological AI

   Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.

   ♦ Strong Psychological AI

... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)

   ♦ Suprapsychological AI

   Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)

    16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts

   Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)

    17) Form and Content Are Not Fundamentally Different

   Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System

   Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence

   The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.

   The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)

    20) Mathematical Logic Provides the Basis for Theory in AI

   The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....

   AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)

    21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions

   In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)

    22) Definitions of Artificial Intelligence

   Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)

    23) The Computer Can Not Be a Model of the Mind

   Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)

    24) Computers Will Not Always Be Inferior to Human Brains

   The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
10 go

go [gəʊ]

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. intransitive verb

2. modal verb

3. transitive verb

4. noun

5. compounds

6. Phrasal Verbs

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► vb: 3rd pers sg pres goes, pret went, ptp gone

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► When go is part of a set combination, eg go cheap, go too far, look up the other word.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. intransitive verb

   a. ( = move) aller

• where are you going? où allez-vous ?

• he's gone to see his mother il est allé voir sa mère

• I wouldn't go as far as to say that je n'irais pas jusque là

• there he goes! le voilà !

• you can go next allez-y(, je vous en prie) !

► to go + preposition

• the train goes at 90km/h le train roule à 90 km/h

• to go down the hill descendre la colline

• to go for a walk aller se promener

• where do we go from here? qu'est-ce qu'on fait maintenant ?

• to go on a journey faire un voyage

• to go to France/to London aller en France/à Londres

• to go to the swimming pool aller à la piscine

• to go to the doctor's aller chez le médecin

• to go to sb for sth aller demander qch à qn

• to go up the hill monter la colline► to go + -ing

• to go fishing aller à la pêche

• to go riding (aller) faire du cheval

• to go swimming (aller) nager► go and...

• I'll go and check the train times je vais vérifier les horaires de trains

• go and get me it! va me le chercher !

• don't go and tell her I gave it you (inf) ne va pas lui dire que je te l'ai donné

• now you've gone and broken it! (inf) ça y est, tu l'as cassé !

   b. ( = depart) partir ; ( = disappear) disparaître ; [time] passer ; ( = be sacked) être licencié

• when does the train go? quand part le train ?

• everybody had gone tout le monde était parti

• my bag has gone mon sac a disparu

• we must be going il faut qu'on y aille

• go! (at beginning of race) partez !

• after I've gone ( = left) après mon départ ; ( = died) quand je ne serai plus là

• after a week all our money had gone en l'espace d'une semaine, nous avions dépensé tout notre argent

• he'll have to go [employee] on ne peut pas le garder

• the car will have to go on va devoir se séparer de la voiture

• there goes my chance of promotion! je peux faire une croix sur ma promotion !

• going, going, gone! une fois, deux fois, trois fois, adjugé, vendu !

► to let sb go ( = allow to leave) laisser partir qn ; ( = make redundant) se séparer de qn ; ( = stop gripping) lâcher qn

• to let o.s. go se laisser aller► to let go lâcher prise

• let go! lâchez !

• to let go of sth/sb lâcher qch/qn

• eventually parents have to let go of their children tôt ou tard, les parents doivent laisser leurs enfants voler de leurs propres ailes► to let sth go

• they have let their garden go ils ont laissé leur jardin à l'abandon

• we'll let it go at that n'en parlons plus

   c. ( = start) [car, machine] démarrer ; ( = function) [machine, watch, car] marcher

• how do you make this go? comment est-ce que ça marche ?

• to be going [machine, engine] être en marche

• it won't go ça ne marche pas

► to get going [person] ( = leave)

let's get going! allons-y ! ; ( = start) to get going with sth s'occuper de qch

• once he gets going... une fois lancé...

• to get a machine going mettre une machine en marche

• to get things going activer les choses► to keep going ( = continue) [person] continuer ; [business] se maintenir

• the police signalled her to stop but she kept going la police lui a fait signe de s'arrêter mais elle a continué son chemin

• this hope kept her going cet espoir lui a permis de tenir

• a cup of coffee is enough to keep her going all morning elle réussit à tenir toute la matinée avec un café

   d. ( = begin) there he goes again! le voilà qui recommence !

• here goes! (inf) allez, on y va !

   e. ( = progress) aller, marcher

• the project was going well le projet marchait bien

• how's it going? (comment) ça va ?

• the way things are going si ça continue comme ça

• all went well for him until... tout s'est bien passé pour lui jusqu'au moment où...

• add the sugar, stirring as you go ajoutez le sucre, en remuant au fur et à mesure

   f. ( = turn out) [events] se passer

• how did your holiday go? comment se sont passées tes vacances ?

• the evening went very well la soirée s'est très bien passée

• let's wait and see how things go attendons de voir ce qui va se passer

• that's the way things go, I'm afraid c'est malheureux mais c'est comme ça

   g. ( = become) devenir

• have you gone mad? tu es devenu fou ?

• she went pale elle est devenue pâle

• the biscuits have gone soft les biscuits ont ramolli

• the lights went red les feux sont passés au rouge

   h. ( = fail) [fuse] sauter ; [bulb] griller ; [material] être usé ; [sight] baisser ; [strength] manquer

• his mind is going il n'a plus toute sa tête

• my voice is going je n'ai presque plus de voix

• the lining's going la doublure est usée

   i. ( = be sold) how much do you think the house will go for? combien crois-tu que la maison va être vendue ?

• it went for $550 c'est parti à 550 dollars

   j. ( = be given) [prize, reward, inheritance] revenir (to à)

   k. ( = be accepted) the story goes that... le bruit court que...

• anything goes these days (inf) tout est permis de nos jours

• that goes without saying cela va sans dire

• what he says goes c'est lui qui fait la loi

   l. ( = apply) that goes for you too c'est valable pour toi aussi

• that goes for me too ( = I agree with that) je suis aussi de cet avis

• as far as your suggestion goes... pour ce qui est de ta suggestion...

► as far as it goes

• this explanation is fine, as far as it goes cette explication vaut ce qu'elle vaut

   m. ( = available) are there any jobs going? y a-t-il des postes vacants ?

• there just aren't any jobs going il n'y a pas de travail

• is there any coffee going? est-ce qu'il y a du café ?

• I'll have whatever's going donnez-moi ce qu'il y a

   n. [tune] the tune goes like this voici l'air

• I don't know how the song goes je ne connais pas cette chanson

   o. ( = make sound or movement) faire ; [bell, clock] sonner

• go like that with your left foot faites comme ça avec votre pied gauche

   p. ( = serve) the money will go to compensate the victims cet argent servira à dédommager les victimes

• the qualities that go to make a great man les qualités qui font un grand homme

   q. (implying comparison)

► as... go

• he's not bad, as estate agents go il n'est pas mauvais pour un agent immobilier

   r. ( = elapse) there is a week to go before the election il reste une semaine avant les élections

   s. (US = take away) to go [food] à emporter

2. modal verb

(indicating future)

► to be going to + infinitive aller

• I'm going to phone him this afternoon je vais l'appeler cet après-midi

• it's going to rain il va pleuvoir

• I was just going to do it j'allais le faire

• I was going to do it yesterday but I forgot j'avais l'intention de le faire hier mais j'ai oublié

3. transitive verb

   a. ( = travel) [+ distance] faire

• we had gone only 3km nous n'avions fait que 3 km

► to go it alone se débrouiller tout seul

► to go one better aller encore plus loin

   b. ( = make sound) faire

• he went "psst" « psst » fit-il

4. noun

(plural goes)

   a. ( = motion) (inf) it's all go! ça n'arrête pas !

• to be always on the go être toujours sur la brèche

• to keep sb on the go ne pas laisser souffler qn

• he's got two projects on the go at the moment il a deux projets en chantier actuellement

   b. ( = attempt) (inf) coup m

• at one or a go d'un seul coup

• it's your go (in games) c'est ton tour

► to have a go ( = try) essayer

• to have a go at sth essayer de faire qch

• to have another go réessayer

• to have a go at sb (verbally) s'en prendre à qn (inf) ; (physically) se jeter sur qn

   c. ( = success) to make a go of sth réussir qch

• they tried to make a go of their marriage ils ont essayé de donner une chance à leur couple

5. compounds

► go-ahead adjective (British) dynamique noun

• to give sb the go-ahead (to do) (inf) donner le feu vert à qn (pour faire) ► go-between noun intermédiaire mf

► go-cart noun kart m

► go-carting noun karting m

► go-getter (inf) noun fonceur (inf) m, - euse (inf) f

► go-getting (inf) adjective

[person] fonceur (inf) ; [approach, attitude] de battant

► go-kart noun = go-cart

► go-karting noun = go-carting

► go-slow noun (British) grève f perlée

► go-to adjective [person]

the go-to guy on the team le type sur lequel on peut compter dans l'équipe

6. Phrasal Verbs

► go about

1. intransitive verb

   a. aller

• to go about barefoot se promener pieds nus

• they go about in gangs ils vont en bandes

• he goes about telling people what to do il est toujours à dire aux gens ce qu'il faut faire

   b. [rumour] courir

2. inseparable transitive verb

   a. [+ task, duties] he went about the task methodically il s'y est pris de façon méthodique

• he doesn't know how to go about it il ne sait pas s'y prendre

• how does one go about getting seats? comment fait-on pour avoir des places ?

   b. ( = be occupied with) to go about one's business vaquer à ses affaires► go across

1. intransitive verb

( = cross) traverser

• she went across to Mrs. Smith's elle est allée en face chez Mme Smith

2. inseparable transitive verb

[+ river, road] traverser

► go after inseparable transitive verb

( = follow) suivre ; ( = attack) attaquer

• go after him! suivez-le !

• to go after a job poser sa candidature à un poste► go against inseparable transitive verb

   a. ( = prove hostile to) [vote, judgement, decision] être défavorable à

• the decision went against him la décision lui a été défavorable

• everything began to go against us tout se liguait contre nous

   b. ( = oppose) aller à l'encontre de

• conditions which went against national interests des conditions qui allaient à l'encontre des intérêts nationaux

• to go against public opinion aller à contre-courant de l'opinion publique

• to go against sb's wishes s'opposer à la volonté de qn

• it goes against my principles c'est contre mes principes► go ahead intransitive verb passer devant ; [event] avoir (bien) lieu ; [work] avancer

• go ahead! allez-y !

• the exhibition will go ahead as planned l'exposition aura lieu comme prévu

• to go ahead with a plan mettre un plan à exécution► go along intransitive verb aller

• why don't you go along too? pourquoi n'iriez-vous pas aussi ?

• I'll tell you as we go along je vous le dirai en cours de route

• I check as I go along je vérifie au fur et à mesure

• to go along with sb aller avec qn ; ( = agree with) être d'accord avec qn

• I can't go along with that at all je ne suis pas du tout d'accord là-dessus► go around intransitive verb

   a. = go about ; go round

   b. what goes around comes around tout finit par se payer► go away intransitive verb partir ; (on holiday) partir (en vacances) ; [pain] disparaître

• we need to go away and think about this nous devons prendre le temps d'y réfléchir► go back intransitive verb

   a. ( = return) retourner

• we went back to the beach after lunch nous sommes retournés à la plage après le déjeuner

• it's getting dark, shall we go back? il commence à faire nuit, on rentre ?

• to go back to a point revenir sur un point

• to go back to the beginning revenir au début

• to go back to work reprendre le travail

   b. ( = retreat) reculer

   c. (in time) remonter

• my memories don't go back that far mes souvenirs ne remontent pas aussi loin

• we go back a long way on se connaît depuis longtemps

   d. ( = revert) revenir (to à)

• I don't want to go back to the old system je ne veux pas revenir à l'ancien système

• to go back to one's former habits retomber dans ses anciennes habitudes

   e. ( = extend) s'étendre

• the cave goes back 300 metres la grotte fait 300 mètres de long► go back on inseparable transitive verb

[+ decision, promise] revenir sur

► go before intransitive verb

( = happen earlier)

everything that went before tout ce qui s'est passé avant

• to go before a court comparaître devant un tribunal► go by

1. intransitive verb

[person] passer ; [period of time] (se) passer

• we've let the opportunity go by nous avons laissé passer l'occasion

• as time goes by avec le temps

• in days gone by dans le temps jadis

2. inseparable transitive verb

( = judge by) if first impressions are anything to go by s'il faut se fier à sa première impression

• that's nothing to go by ce n'est pas une référence

• to go by appearances juger d'après les apparences

► go down intransitive verb

   a. ( = descend) descendre ; ( = fall) tomber ; ( = sink) couler ; [plane] s'écraser

• we watched the sun go down nous avons regarder le soleil se coucher

   b. ( = be swallowed) it went down the wrong way j'ai (or il a etc) avalé de travers

   c. ( = be accepted) I wonder how that will go down with her parents je me demande comment ses parents vont prendre ça

• to go down well/badly être bien/mal accueilli

• it went down well ça a bien passé

   d. [value, price, standards] baisser

• the house has gone down in value la maison s'est dépréciée

   e. ( = be relegated) être relégué

   f. [stage curtain] tomber ; [theatre lights] s'éteindre

   g. ( = go as far as) aller

• go down to the bottom of the page allez au bas de la page

   h. [balloon, tyre] se dégonfler

• my ankle's OK, the swelling has gone down ma cheville va bien, elle a désenflé► go down as inseparable transitive verb

( = be regarded as) être considéré comme ; ( = be remembered as) passer à la postérité comme

• the victory will go down as one of the highlights of the year cette victoire restera dans les mémoires comme l'un des grands moments de l'année► go down with (inf) inseparable transitive verb

[+ illness] attraper

► go for inseparable transitive verb

   a. ( = attack) attaquer

• he went for me with a knife il m'a attaqué avec un couteau

   b. ( = like) (inf) she went for him in a big way elle en pinçait (inf) pour lui

• I don't go for that sort of talk je n'aime pas qu'on parle comme ça

   c. ( = strive for) essayer d'avoir ; ( = choose) choisir

• go for it! (inf) vas-y !

• I decided to go for it (inf) j'ai décidé de tenter le coup

   d. he's got a lot going for him (inf) il a beaucoup d'atouts

• the theory has a lot going for it cette théorie a de nombreux mérites► go forward intransitive verb

   a. ( = move ahead) avancer ; [economy] progresser

   b. ( = take place) avoir lieu

   c. ( = continue) maintenir

• if they go forward with these proposals s'ils maintiennent ces propositions► go in intransitive verb

   a. ( = enter) entrer

• they went in by the back door ils sont entrés par la porte de derrière

• I must go in now il faut que je rentre maintenant

   b. ( = attack) attaquer

   c. [sun] se cacher► go in for inseparable transitive verb

   a. [+ examination] se présenter à ; [+ position, job] poser sa candidature à ; [+ competition, race] prendre part à

   b. [+ sport] pratiquer ; [+ hobby] se livrer à ; [+ style] affectionner ; [+ medicine, accounting, politics] faire

• I don't go in for bright colours je ne raffole pas des couleurs vives

• he doesn't go in for reading much il n'aime pas beaucoup lire► go into inseparable transitive verb

   a. [+ profession, field] he doesn't want to go into industry il ne veut pas travailler dans l'industrie

   b. ( = embark on) [+ explanation] se lancer dans

• he went into a long explanation il s'est lancé dans une longue explication

• to go into details rentrer dans les détails

• let's not go into that now laissons cela pour le moment

   c. ( = investigate) étudier

• this matter is being gone into on étudie la question

• we haven't got time to go into that nous n'avons pas le temps de nous pencher sur ce problème

• to go into a question in detail approfondir une question

   d. ( = be devoted to) être investi dans

• a lot of money went into the research on a investi beaucoup d'argent dans la recherche► go off

1. intransitive verb

   a. ( = leave) partir

   b. [alarm clock] sonner ; [alarm] se déclencher

• the gun didn't go off le coup n'est pas parti

   c. [light, radio, TV] s'éteindre ; [heating] s'arrêter

   d. (British) [meat] s'avarier ; [milk] tourner ; [butter] rancir

   e. [event] se passer

• the evening went off very well la soirée s'est très bien passée

2. inseparable transitive verb

(British) (inf) I'm starting to go off the idea ça ne me dit plus grand-chose

• I've gone off skiing le ski ne me tente plus beaucoup

• I used to like him, but I've gone off him lately je l'aimais bien mais depuis un certain temps il m'agace► go off with inseparable transitive verb partir avec

• his wife went off with another man sa femme est partie avec un autre homme► go on

1. intransitive verb

   a. ( = proceed on one's way) (without stopping) poursuivre son chemin ; (after stopping) continuer sa route ; (by car) reprendre la route

   b. ( = continue) continuer ( doing à faire)

• to go on speaking continuer à parler ; (after pause) reprendre (la parole)

• go on with your work continuez votre travail

• go on trying! essaie encore !

• go on! continuez !

• go on with you! (inf) à d'autres ! (inf)

• if you go on doing that, you'll get into trouble si tu continues, tu vas avoir des ennuis

• that's enough to be going on with ça suffit pour l'instant

• the rioting went on all night les émeutes ont duré toute la nuit

• life went on uneventfully la vie poursuivit son cours paisiblement

   c. ( = talk) (inf) to go on about sth ne pas arrêter de parler de qch

• don't go on about it! ça va, j'ai compris !

• he goes on and on about it il n'arrête pas d'en parler

   d. ( = nag) (inf) to go on at sb s'en prendre à qn

• she went on and on at him elle n'a pas cessé de s'en prendre à lui

• she's always going on at him about doing up the kitchen elle n'arrête pas de le harceler pour qu'il refasse la cuisine

   e. ( = proceed) passer

• to go on to another matter passer à un autre sujet

• he went on to say that... puis il a dit que...

• he retired from football and went on to become a journalist il a abandonné le football et est devenu journaliste

   f. ( = happen) se dérouler ; (for a stated time) durer

• several matches were going on at the same time plusieurs matchs se déroulaient en même temps

• how long has this been going on? depuis combien de temps est-ce que ça dure ?

• while this was going on pendant ce temps

• what's going on here? qu'est-ce qui se passe ici ?

   g. ( = pass) things got easier as time went on avec le temps les choses sont devenues plus faciles

• as the day went on he became more and more anxious au fil des heures, il devenait de plus en plus inquiet

   h. ( = behave) (inf) that's no way to go on c'est une conduite inacceptable !

• what a way to go on! en voilà des manières !

   i. ( = progress) [person, patient] aller

• how is he going on? comment va-t-il ?

   j. ( = approach) (inf) she's going on 50 elle va sur la cinquantaine

• Ann's 25 going on 50 Ann a 25 ans mais on lui en donnerait 50

2. inseparable transitive verb

( = be guided by) we don't have much to go on yet nous n'avons pas beaucoup d'indices pour l'instant► go on for inseparable transitive verb

• it's going on for 100km c'est à une centaine de kilomètres► go out intransitive verb

   a. ( = leave) sortir

• to go out of a room sortir d'une pièce

• to go out shopping aller faire des courses

• to go out for a meal aller au restaurant

• he goes out a lot il sort beaucoup

• she doesn't go out with him any more elle ne sort plus avec lui

• most mothers have to go out to work la plupart des mères de famille doivent travailler

   b. [fire, light] s'éteindre

   c. ( = travel) aller (to à)

• she went out to Bangkok elle est allée à Bangkok

   d. [sea] se retirer ; [tide] descendre

   e. my heart went out to him j'ai été vraiment désolé pour lui

   f. [invitation] être envoyé ; [radio programme, TV programme] être diffusé

• an appeal has gone out for people to give blood un appel a été lancé pour encourager les dons de sang

• the programme goes out on Friday evenings l'émission passe le vendredi soir

   g. (Sport) ( = be eliminated) être éliminé► go over

1. intransitive verb

   a. ( = cross) aller

• to go over to France aller en France

• she went over to Mrs Smith's elle est allée chez Mme Smith

• the ball went over into the field le ballon est passé par-dessus et est tombé dans le champ

   b. ( = be overturned) se retourner

2. inseparable transitive verb

   a. ( = examine) [+ accounts, report] vérifier

• to go over a house visiter une maison

• I went over his essay with him j'ai regardé sa dissertation avec lui

   b. ( = review) [+ speech] revoir ; [+ facts, points] récapituler

• to go over the events of the day repasser les événements de la journée

• let's go over the facts again récapitulons les faits► go over to inseparable transitive verb passer à

• we're going over to a new system nous passons à un nouveau système

• to go over to the enemy passer à l'ennemi► go round intransitive verb

   a. ( = turn) tourner

• my head is going round j'ai la tête qui tourne

   b. to go round to sb's house aller chez qn

   c. ( = be sufficient) suffire (pour tout le monde)

• there's enough food to go round il y a assez à manger pour tout le monde

• to make the money go round joindre les deux bouts (inf)

   d. ( = circulate) [document, story] circuler

• there's a rumour going round that... le bruit court que...

   e. = go about► go through

1. intransitive verb

( = be agreed) [proposal] être accepté ; [business deal] être conclu

• the deal did not go through l'affaire n'a pas été conclue

2. inseparable transitive verb

   a. ( = suffer, endure) endurer

• after all he's gone through après tout ce qu'il a enduré

• he's going through a very difficult time il traverse une période difficile

   b. ( = examine) [+ list] examiner ; [+ book] parcourir ; [+ mail] regarder ; [+ subject, plan] étudier ; [+ one's pockets] fouiller dans

• I went through my drawers looking for a pair of socks j'ai cherché une paire de chaussettes dans mes tiroirs

• I went through his essay with him j'ai regardé sa dissertation avec lui

   c. ( = use up) [+ money] dépenser ; ( = wear out) user

   d. ( = carry out) [+ routine, course of study] suivre ; [+ formalities] accomplir ; [+ apprenticeship] faire► go through with inseparable transitive verb

( = persist with) [+ plan, threat] mettre à exécution

• in the end she couldn't go through with it en fin de compte elle n'a pas pu le faire► go together intransitive verb

[colours, flavours] aller (bien) ensemble ; [events, conditions, ideas] aller de pair

► go under intransitive verb

   a. ( = sink) [ship, person] couler

   b. ( = fail) [person, business] faire faillite► go up

1. intransitive verb

   a. monter

• when the curtain goes up lorsque le rideau se lève

• to go up in price augmenter

• to go up a class passer dans la classe supérieure

   b. ( = approach) I wanted to go up and talk to him je voulais m'approcher de lui et lui parler

• a man went up to him and asked him the time un homme s'est approché et lui a demandé l'heure

2. inseparable transitive verb

[+ hill] gravir

• to go up the stairs monter l'escalier

• to go up the street remonter la rue► go with inseparable transitive verb

   a. [circumstances, event, conditions] aller (de pair) avec

• ill health goes with poverty la pauvreté et la mauvaise santé vont de pair

• the house goes with the job le logement va avec le poste

   b. [colours] aller bien avec ; [furnishings] être assorti à ; [behaviour, opinions] cadrer avec

• I want a hat to go with my coat je cherche un chapeau assorti à mon manteau► go without

1. intransitive verb

se priver de tout

• mothers feed their children and go without themselves les mères nourrissent leurs enfants et se privent elles-mêmes de tout

2. inseparable transitive verb

se priver de

* * *
[gəʊ] 1.
intransitive verb (3^e pers sg prés goes; prét went; pp gone)

1) (move, travel) aller ( from de; to à, en)

to go to Paris — aller à Paris

to go to Wales/to California — aller au Pays de Galles/en Californie

to go to town/to the country — aller en ville/à la campagne

they went home — ils sont rentrés chez eux

to go up/down/across — monter/descendre/traverser

I went into the room — je suis entré dans la pièce

to go by bus/train — voyager en bus/train

to go by ou past — [person, vehicle] passer

that car's going very fast! — cette voiture roule très vite!

there he goes again! — ( that's him again) le revoilà!; fig ( he's starting again) le voilà qui recommence!

where do we go from here? — fig et maintenant qu'est-ce qu'on fait?

2) (on specific errand, activity) aller

to go shopping — aller faire des courses

to go on a journey/on holiday — partir en voyage/en vacances

to go for a drink — aller prendre un verre

3) ( attend) aller

to go to school/work — aller à l'école/au travail

to go to the doctor's — aller chez le médecin

4) ( used as auxiliary with present participle)

she went running up the stairs — elle a monté l'escalier en courant

5) ( depart) partir

6) euph ( die) mourir, disparaître

when I am gone — quand je ne serai plus là

7) ( disappear) partir

the money goes on school fees — l'argent part en frais de scolarité

the money has all gone — il ne reste plus d'argent

I left my bike outside and now it's gone — j'ai laissé mon vélo dehors et il n'est plus là

there goes my chance of winning! — c'en est fait de mes chances de gagner!

8) (be sent, transmitted)

it can't go by post — on ne peut pas l'envoyer par la poste

these proposals will go before parliament — ces propositions seront soumises au parlement

9) ( become)

to go red — rougir

to go white — blanchir

to go mad — devenir fou/folle

10) ( change over to new system)

to go Labour — Politics [country, constituency] voter travailliste

to go metric — adopter le système m étrique

11) (be, remain)

the people went hungry — les gens n'avaient rien à manger

we went for two days without food — nous avons passé deux jours sans rien manger

to go unnoticed — passer inaperçu

the question went unanswered — la question est restée sans réponse

he was allowed to go free — il a été libéré

12) (weaken, become impaired)

his memory is going — il perd la mémoire

his hearing is going — il devient sourd

my voice is going — je n'ai plus de voix

the battery is going — la batterie est presque à plat

13) ( of time)

there are only three days to go before Christmas — il ne reste plus que trois jours avant Noël

how's the time going? — quelle heure est-il?

it's just gone seven o'clock — il est sept heures passées

14) ( be got rid of)

he'll have to go! — il va falloir qu'on se débarrasse de lui!

the car will have to go — il va falloir vendre la voiture

either she goes or I do! — c'est elle ou moi!

six down and four to go! — six de faits, et encore quatre à faire!

15) (operate, function) [vehicle, machine, clock] marcher, fonctionner

to set [something] going — mettre [quelque chose] en marche

to get going — [engine, machine] se mettre en marche; fig [business] démarrer

to get the fire going — allumer le feu

to keep going — [person, business, machine] se maintenir

we have several projects going at the moment — nous avons plusieurs projets en route en ce moment

16) ( start)

let's get going! — allons-y!

to get things going — mettre les choses en train

here goes! —

here we go! — c'est parti!

once he gets going, he never stops — une fois lancé, il n'arrête pas

17) ( lead) aller, conduire (to à)

the road goes down/goes up — la route descend/monte

18) ( extend in depth or scope)

the roots go very deep — les racines s'enfoncent très profondément

these habits go very deep — ces habitudes sont profondément ancrées

it's true as far as it goes — c'est vrai dans un sens

a hundred pounds doesn't go far these days — on ne va pas loin avec cent livres sterling de nos jours

this goes a long way towards explaining his attitude — ceci explique en grande partie son attitude

you can make £5 go a long way — on peut faire beaucoup de choses avec 5 livres sterling

19) (belong, be placed) aller

the suitcases will have to go in the back — il va falloir mettre les valises derrière

20) ( fit) gen rentrer

five into four won't go — quatre n'est pas divisible par cinq

21) ( be expressed in particular way)

I can't remember how the poem goes — je n'arrive pas à me rappeler le poème

how does the song go? — quel est l'air de la chanson?

as the saying goes — comme dit le proverbe

22) ( be accepted)

what he says goes — c'est lui qui fait la loi

it goes without saying that — il va sans dire que

anything goes — tout est permis

23) ( be about to)

to be going to do — aller faire

it's going to snow — il va neiger

24) ( happen)

the party went very well — la soirée s'est très bien passée

the way things are going — si ça continue comme ça

how's it going? — (colloq)

how are things going? — comment ça va? (colloq)

how goes it? — hum comment ça va? (colloq)

25) ( be on average)

it's old, as Australian towns go — c'est une ville assez vieille pour une ville australienne

it wasn't a bad party, as parties go — c'était une soirée plutôt réussie par rapport à la moyenne

26) ( be sold)

the house went for over £100,000 — la maison a été vendue à plus de 100000 livres

‘going, going, gone!’ — ‘une fois, deux fois, trois fois, adjugé!’

27) ( be on offer)

I'll have some coffee, if there's any going — je prendrai bien un café, s'il y en a

it's the best machine going — c'est la meilleure machine sur le marché

there's a job going — il y a un poste libre

28) ( contribute)

the money will go towards a new roof — l'argent servira à payer un nouveau toit

everything that goes to make a good teacher — toutes les qualités d'un bon enseignant

29) ( be given) [award, prize] aller (to à); [estate, inheritance, title] passer (to à)

the job went to a local man — le poste a été donné à un homme de la région

30) ( emphatic use)

why did he go and spoil it? — pourquoi est-il allé tout gâcher?

he went and won the competition! — il s'est débrouillé pour gagner le concours!

you've really gone and done it now! — tu peux être fier de toi! iron

then he had to go and lose his wallet — comme s'il ne manquait plus que ça, il a perdu son portefeuille

31) ( of money) (be spent, used up)

all his money goes on drink — tout son argent passe dans l'alcool

I don't know where all my money goes (to)! — je ne sais pas ce que je fais de mon argent!

32) (make sound, perform action or movement) gen faire; [bell, alarm] sonner

the cat went ‘miaow’ — le chat a fait ‘miaou’

wait until the bell goes — attends que la cloche sonne (subj)

she went like this with her fingers — elle a fait comme ça avec ses doigts

33) (resort to, have recourse to)

to go to war — [country] entrer en guerre; [soldier] partir à la guerre

to go to law GB ou to the law US — aller en justice

34) (break, collapse etc) [roof] s'effondrer; [cable, rope] se rompre; [light bulb] griller

35) ( take one's turn)

you go next — c'est ton tour après, c'est à toi après

you go first — après vous

36) ( be in harmony)

those two colours don't go together — ces deux couleurs ne vont pas ensemble

37) ( in takeaway)

to go — à emporter
2.
transitive verb (3^e pers sg prés goes; prét went; pp gone) faire [number of miles]

are you going my way? — tu vas dans la même direction que moi?
3.
noun (pl goes)

1) GB ( turn) tour m; ( try) essai m

whose go is it? — gen à qui le tour?; ( in game) à qui de jouer?

I had to have several goes before passing — j'ai dû m'y reprendre à plusieurs fois avant de réussir

2) (colloq) ( energy)

to be full of go —

to be all go — être très dynamique

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- go about

- go across

- go after

- go against

- go ahead

- go along

- go along with

- go around

- go at

- go away

- go back

- go back on

- go before

- go below

- go by

- go down

- go for

- go forward

- go in

- go in for

- go into

- go off

- go off with

- go on

- go on at

- go out

- go over

- go round

- go through

- go through with

- go together

- go under

- go up

- go with

- go without

••

all systems are go! — Aerospace tout est paré pour le lancement!

to have a go at somebody — s'en prendre à quelqu'un

to make a go of something — réussir quelque chose

she's always on the go — elle n'arrête jamais

he's all go! — (colloq) il n'arrête pas!

we have several different projects on the go — nous avons plusieurs projets différents en chantier

(it's) no go! — pas question!

from the word go — dès le départ

in one go — d'un seul coup

to go one better than somebody — renchérir sur quelqu'un

that's how it goes! —

that's the way it goes! — c'est la vie!

there you go! — (colloq) voilà!

English-French dictionary > go
11 high

high [haɪ]

1. adjective

   a. haut

• a 40-metre high building un bâtiment de 40 mètres de haut

• the wall is 2 metres high le mur fait 2 mètres de haut

• how high is that tower? quelle est la hauteur de cette tour ?

• how high is the mountain? quelle est l'altitude de la montagne ?

• when he was only so high (inf) alors qu'il était haut comme trois pommes

• high cheekbones pommettes fpl saillantes

• on high ground ( = on hill) en hauteur ; ( = on mountain) en altitude

• to have the moral high ground ( = moral superiority) avoir l'avantage moral

• to take the moral high ground prendre l'avantage moral

   b. (in degree, number, strength) [frequency, latitude, tension] haut before n ; [speed, number] grand before n ; [rent, price] élevé ; [sound, voice] aigu (- guë f)

• to have high blood pressure avoir de la tension

• official reports say casualties have been high selon les rapports officiels, il y a beaucoup de morts et de blessés

• to have high expectations of sb/sth beaucoup attendre de qn/qch

• high official haut fonctionnaire m

• to have a high opinion of sb/sth avoir une haute opinion de qn/qch

• in high places en haut lieu

• to pay a high price for sth payer qch cher

• he has a high temperature il a beaucoup de fièvre

• the temperature was in the high 30s la température approchait les quarante degrés

• it's high time you went home il est grand temps que tu rentres

• in high gear en quatrième (or cinquième) vitesse

► high in... [+ fat, nitrogen] à forte teneur en

   c. ( = drunk) (inf) parti (inf)

• he was high ( = on drugs) il planait (inf)

• to get high on alcohol s'enivrer

• he was high on speed il planait (inf) après avoir pris du speed

• she was high on her latest success elle était enivrée par son dernier succès

2. adverb

   a. [climb, jump, throw] haut ; [fly] à haute altitude

• high above our heads bien au-dessus de nos têtes

• how high can you jump? à quelle hauteur peux-tu sauter ?

• the house was built high on the hillside la maison était construite en haut de la colline

• a house high up in the hills une maison perchée dans les collines

• she was quite high up in the organization elle était assez haut placée dans l'organisation

• economic reform is high on the agenda la réforme économique est l'une des priorités

• to set one's sights high viser haut

   b. (in degree, number, strength) the numbers go as high as 200 les nombres montent jusqu'à 200

• I had to go as high as $200 for it j'ai dû aller jusqu'à 200 dollars pour l'avoir

• to hunt high and low for sb chercher qn partout

• to look high and low for sth chercher qch partout

• to hold one's head up high avoir la tête haute

• to play high [gambler] jouer gros (jeu)

• feelings ran high les esprits étaient échauffés

3. noun

   a. ( = high point) the cost of living reached a new high le coût de la vie a atteint un nouveau record

• the euro closed at a new high l'euro a atteint un nouveau record en clôture

• highs and lows les hauts mpl et les bas mpl

   b. on high en haut

• from on high d'en haut

• orders from on high des ordres venus d'en haut

   c. ( = weather system) zone f de haute pression

4. compounds

► high and dry adjective [boat] échoué

• to leave sb high and dry laisser qn en plan (inf) ► high and mighty (inf) adjective

• to be high and mighty se donner de grands airs ► high-angle shot noun (Cinema) plongée f

► high beam noun (US) pleins phares mpl

► high-class adjective [hotel, food, service] sélect ; [neighbourhood, flat] (de) grand standing ; [person] du grand monde ; [prostitute] de luxe

► High Court noun Haute cour f

► high definition adjective noun

haute définition f

► high-density adjective haute densité inv

► high-end adjective ( = top-of-the-range) haut de gamme inv

► high explosive noun explosif m puissant

► high fibre diet noun ( = régime) régime m riche en fibres ; ( = food eaten) alimentation f riche en fibres

► high flier noun jeune loup m

► high-flown adjective [style, discourse] ampoulé

► high flyer noun jeune loup m

► high-flying adjective [aim, ambition] extravagant ; [person] plein d'avenir

► high-frequency adjective à haute fréquence

► high-grade adjective de qualité supérieure

► high-handed adjective despotique

► high heels plural noun hauts talons mpl

► high horse noun

• to be on one's high horse être sur ses grands chevaux ► high-impact adjective [aerobics, exercise] high-impact inv

► high-income adjective à hauts revenus

► high-interest adjective à intérêt élevé

► high jump noun saut m en hauteur

► high jumper noun sauteur m, - euse f en hauteur

► high-level adjective [meeting, discussions] à un très haut niveau ; [computer language, programming] de haut niveau

• high-level nuclear waste déchets mpl hautement radioactifs ► high life noun

• to live the high life mener la grande vie ► high living noun grande vie f

► high-minded adjective [person] d'une grande élévation morale ; [ambition, wish] noble

► high-necked adjective à col haut

► high-performance adjective très performant

► high-octane adjective [petrol] à indice d'octane élevé ; (figurative = powerful, exciting) puissant

► high-pitched adjective [voice, sound, note] aigu (- guë f)

► high point noun [of visit, holiday] grand moment m

• the high point of the show/evening le clou du spectacle/de la soirée ► high-powered adjective [car] très puissant ; [person] de haut vol

• high-powered businessman homme m d'affaires de haut vol ► high-pressure adjective à haute pression

• high-pressure area zone f de haute pression ► high-profile adjective [position, politician] très en vue ; [role] très influent ; [issue] très discuté

► high-ranking adjective haut placé

• high-ranking official haut fonctionnaire m ► high resolution noun haute résolution f

► high-resolution adjective haute résolution inv

► high-rise noun tour f (d'habitation)

► high-risk adjective à haut risque

► high school noun (US) ≈ lycée m ; (British) établissement m d'enseignement secondaire

• high school diploma (US) diplôme m de fin d'études secondaires ≈ baccalauréat m → HIGH SCHOOL ► high seas plural noun

• on the high seas en haute mer ► high season noun (British) haute saison f

► high-sided vehicle noun véhicule m haut (donnant prise au vent)

► high sign (inf) noun

(US) signe m d'intelligence

• to give sb a high sign faire un signe d'intelligence à qn ► high society noun haute société f

► high-speed adjective ultrarapide

• a high-speed chase une course poursuite

• high-speed train train m à grande vitesse ► high-spirited adjective [person] plein d'entrain ; [horse] fougueux

► high spirits plural noun entrain m

• in high spirits ( = lively) plein d'entrain ; ( = happy) tout joyeux ► high spot noun [of visit, holiday] grand moment m

• the high spot of the show/evening le clou du spectacle/de la soirée ► high stakes plural noun

• to play for high stakes jouer gros jeu ► high street noun (British) [of village] grand-rue f ; [of town] rue f principale

► high-street adjective (British) [shop, store] qui appartient à une grande chaîne

• the high-street banks les grandes banques fpl ► high-strung adjective (US) très nerveux

► high summer noun cœur m de l'été

• in high summer en plein été ► high tech noun high-tech m inv

► high-tech adjective de haute technologie ; [computer] sophistiqué ; [industry, medicine, technique] de pointe

► high tide noun marée f haute

• at high tide à marée haute ► high wire noun ( = tightrope) corde f raide

• to be walking the high wire être sur la corde raide ► high-up noun (inf) grosse légume (inf) f

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HIGH COURT

Dans le système juridique anglais et gallois, la High Court est une cour de droit civil chargée des affaires plus importantes et complexes que celles traitées par les « County Courts ». En Écosse en revanche, la High Court (of Justiciary) est la plus haute cour de justice, à laquelle les affaires les plus graves, telles que meurtre et viol, sont soumises et où elles sont jugées devant un jury.

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HIGH SCHOOL

Aux États-Unis, les high schools réunissent les quatre années du deuxième cycle du secondaire (15 à 18 ans). Les élèves reçus à leur examen final se voient remettre leur diplôme au cours d'une importante cérémonie appelée « Graduation ».

La vie des high schools a inspiré de nombreux films et téléfilms américains ; on y voit le rôle qu'y jouent les sports (en particulier le football et le basket-ball) et certaines manifestations mondaines comme le bal de fin d'année des élèves de terminale, le « Senior Prom ». → GRADE GRADUATION PROM

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* * *
[haɪ] 1.
noun

1)

an all-time high — un niveau record

to reach a new high — atteindre son niveau le plus élevé

2) (colloq)

to give somebody a high — [drug] défoncer (colloq) quelqu'un; [success] monter à la tête de quelqu'un

to be on a high — être en pleine euphorie

3) (colloq) US School = high school
2.
adjective

1) [building, wall, cliff] haut; [table, forehead, collar] haut (after n)

high cheekbones — pommettes fpl saillantes

how high is the cliff? — quelle est la hauteur de la falaise?

it is 50 m high — ça fait 50 m de haut

I've known him since he was so high — il n'était pas plus grand que ça quand je l'ai connu

at high tide — à marée haute

how high (up) are we? — ( on top of building) on est à combien de mètres au-dessus du sol?; (on plane, mountain) quelle est notre altitude?

2) [number, ratio, price, frequency, volume] élevé; [wind] violent; [hope, expectation] grand (before n)

at high speed — à grande vitesse

to have a high temperature — avoir de la fièvre

high in — riche en [fat, iron]

on a high heat — à feu vif

to have a high colour — avoir le teint rougeaud

a moment of high drama — un moment de grande émotion

in high summer — au cœur de l'été

feelings are running high — les esprits s'échauffent

3) ( important) [quality, standard, rank] supérieur

I have it on the highest authority — je tiens cela des autorités les plus haut placées

to have friends in high places — avoir des amis haut placés

to be high up — être haut placé

to go on to higher things — faire son chemin dans le monde

4) ( noble) [ideal, principle] noble

5) ( acute) [pitch, sound, voice] aigu/-guë; [note] haut

6) Culinary [game] faisandé

7) (colloq) ( euphoric) ( on drug) défoncé (colloq); ( happy) ivre de joie

to be high on — être défoncé à [drug]

to get high — se défoncer (colloq)
3.
adverb

1) ( to a great height) haut

higher up — plus haut

to climb higher and higher — [person, animal] grimper de plus en plus haut; fig [figures, unemployment] augmenter de plus en plus

don't go any higher than £5,000 — ne dépasse pas 5000 livres sterling

from on high — gen d'en haut; Religion du Ciel

2) (at a high level, pitch) [set, turn on] fort; [sing, play] haut

to turn something up high — monter quelque chose

••

it's high time that somebody went — il est grand temps que quelqu'un y aille

to hold one's head (up) high — marcher la tête haute

to search high and low for something — remuer ciel et terre pour trouver quelque chose

English-French dictionary > high
12 control
1. управляющий элемент в MS DOS
2. управляющее воздействие
3. управление технической системой
4. управление
5. регулирование ГТД
6. регулирование
7. орган управления СЧМ
8. орган управления
9. орган регулирования
10. НКУ управления
11. направлять (скважину по заданному направлению при помощи клиньев)
12. мера управления
13. контрольный объект
14. контрольная проба
15. контроль риска
16. контроль (металлургия)
17. контроль
18. кнопка управления
19. клавиша управления
20. директивы (мн.)
21. геодезическая основа карты
22. борьба с шумом
23. борьба
борьба
(напр. с загрязнением окружающей среды)
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- control
борьба с шумом
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]

Тематики
- информационные технологии в целом
EN
- control
геодезическая основа карты
геодезическая основа
Совокупность геодезических данных, необходимых для создания карты.
[ ГОСТ 21667-76]

Тематики
- картография
Обобщающие термины
- математическая картография
Синонимы
- геодезическая основа
EN
- control
- geodetic control
FR
директивы (мн.)
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- control
клавиша управления
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
кнопка управления
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
контроль
Деятельность, включающая, проведение измерений, экспертизы, испытаний или оценки одной или нескольких характеристик (с целью калибровки) объекта и сравнение полученных результатов с установленными требованиями для определения, достигнуто ли соответствие по каждой их этих характеристик.
Примечания
1. Во французском языке термин «Inspection» может обозначать деятельность по надзору за качеством, проводимую в рамках определенного задания.
2. Вышеуказанное определение применяется в стандартах на качество. Термин «контроль» определен в Руководстве ИСО/МЭК 2.
[ИСО 8402-94]

контроль
Процедура оценивания соответствия путем наблюдения и суждений, сопровождаемых соответствующими измерениями, испытаниями или калибровкой.
[Руководство ИСО/МЭК 2].
[ ГОСТ Р ИСО 9000-2008]

контроль
Способ управления риском, обеспечивающий достижение бизнес-цели или соблюдение процесса. Примерами контроля могут служить политики, процедуры, роли, дисковый массив (RAID), дверные замки и т.п. Контроль иногда называют контрмерой или мерой предосторожности.
[Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]

EN

control
A means of managing a risk, ensuring that a business objective is achieved or that a process is followed. Examples of control include policies, procedures, roles, RAID, door locks etc. A control is sometimes called a countermeasure or safeguard.
[Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]

Тематики
- системы менеджмента качества
- управл. качеством и обеспеч. качества
EN
- control
- inspection
контроль
Проверка соответствия предъявляемым требованиям характеристик или свойств изделий (размеров, формы, материала, физико-механических свойств, качества, функциональных характеристик и др.).
[ http://www.manual-steel.ru/eng-a.html]

Тематики
- металлургия в целом
EN
контрольный объект
Эталонный объект, используемый для проверки выводов, полученных на основе эксперимента. В области защиты и безопасности контрольными обычно называют образцы или группы людей, которые не подвергается воздействию излучения от конкретного источника; возникновение определенных эффектов в образце или у группы людей, которая подвергалась воздействию, сравнивается с эффектами в контрольном образце или контрольной группе с тем, чтобы получить некоторые данные о воздействии, которое может быть вызвано облучением. Например, контрольное предметное исследование (случаев) – это общий тип эпидемиологического исследования, в котором возникновение воздействий на здоровье (т.е. ‘случаев последствий’) у населения, на которое воздействовало излучение от данного источника, сравнивается с возникновением воздействий (последствий) у такой же группы населения (‘контрольной’), которая не подвергалась облучению, с целью выяснить, может ли облучение от этого источника приводить к воздействиям на здоровье.
[Глоссарий МАГАТЭ по вопросам безопасности]

Тематики
- МАГАТЭ
EN
- control
НКУ управления
-
[Интент]

комплектное устройство управления
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

EN

controlgear
a general term covering switching devices and their combination with associated control, measuring, protective and regulating equipment, also assemblies of such devices and equipment with associated interconnections, accessories, enclosures and supporting structures, intended in principle for the control of electric energy consuming equipment
[IEV number 441-11-03]

FR

appareillage de commande
terme général applicable aux appareils de connexion et à leur combinaison avec des appareils de commande, de mesure, de protection et de réglage qui leur sont associés, ainsi qu'aux ensembles de tels appareils avec les connexions, les accessoires, les enveloppes et les supports correspondants, destinés en principe à la commande des appareils utilisateurs d'énergie électrique
[IEV number 441-11-03]

Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
Синонимы
- комплектное устройство управления
EN
FR
- appareillage de commande
направлять (скважину по заданному направлению при помощи клиньев)
—
[ http://slovarionline.ru/anglo_russkiy_slovar_neftegazovoy_promyishlennosti/]

Тематики
- нефтегазовая промышленность
EN
- control
орган регулирования
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- control
орган управления
Часть ~~системы~~ аппарата управления, к которой прилагается извне усилие управления.
МЭК 60050(441-15-22).
Примечание. Орган управления может иметь форму рукоятки, ручки, нажимной кнопки, ролика, плунжера и т. п.
[ ГОСТ Р 50030. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60947-1-99)]

орган управления
Часть приводного механизма, к которой прикладывается внешняя сила воздействия.
Примечание - Орган управления может иметь форму ручки, кнопки, ролика, поршня и т.д.
[ ГОСТ Р 52726-2007]

орган управления
Часть системы привода, подвергаемая внешнему силовому воздействию.
Примечания
1. Орган управления может иметь форму ручки, рукоятки, нажимной кнопки, ролика, плунжера и т.д.
2. Есть несколько способов приведения в действие, которые не требуют внешнего силового воздействия, а только какого-либо действия.
[ГОСТ ЕН 1070-2003]

орган управления
Часть системы управления, которая предназначена непосредственно для воздействия оператором, например путем нажатия.
[ГОСТ Р ЕН 614-1-2003]

орган управления
Часть системы приведения в действие, которая принимает воздействие человека.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60447-2000]

орган управления
Часть системы приведения в действие, которая воспринимает воздействие человека (ГОСТ Р МЭК 60447).
Примечание
В настоящем стандарте орган управления в виде интерактивного экранного устройства отображения является частью этого устройства, которое представляет функцию органа управления.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60073-2000]

орган управления
Часть механизма прибора управления, на который оказывается вручную внешнее силовое воздействие.
Примечание.
Орган управления может иметь форму ручки, рукоятки, кнопки, ролика, плунжера и т.д.
Некоторые органы управления не требуют воздействия внешней силы, а только какого-либо действия.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60204-1-2007]

органы управления
Ручки, переключатели, потенциометры и другие органы, служащие для включения и регулировки аппаратуры. Термин относится преимущественно к аналоговым приборам.
[Система неразрушающего контроля. Виды (методы) и технология неразрушающего контроля. Термины и определения (справочное пособие). Москва 2003 г.]

орган управления
-
[IEV number 442-04-14]

средства оперирования
-
[Интент]

EN

actuator
the part of the actuating system to which an external actuating force is applied
NOTE – The actuator may take the form of a handle, knob, push-button, roller, plunger, etc.
[IEV number 441-15-22]

actuator
part of a device to which an external manual action is to be applied
NOTE 1 The actuator may take the form of a handle, knob, push-button, roller, plunger, etc.
NOTE 2 There are some actuating means that do not require an external actuating force, but only an action.
NOTE 3 See also 3.34.
[IEC 60204-1 -2005]

actuating member
a part which is pulled, pushed, turned or otherwise moved to cause an operation of the switch
[IEV number 442-04-14]

FR

organe de commande
partie du mécanisme transmetteur à laquelle un effort extérieur de manoeuvre est appliqué
NOTE – L'organe de commande peut prendre la forme d'une poignée, d'un bouton, d'un bouton-poussoir, d'une roulette, d'un plongeur, etc.
[IEV number 441-15-22]

organe de manoeuvre
partie qui est tirée, poussée, tournée ou manipulée de toute autre façon pour provoquer le fonctionnement de l'interrupteur
[IEV number 442-04-14]

Аппарат должен оставаться механически действующим. Не допускается сваривание контактов, препятствующее операции размыкания при использовании нормальных средств оперирования.
[ГОСТ Р 50030.3-99 (МЭК 60947-3-99) ]

ВДТ следует оперировать как при нормальной эксплуатации. Операции размыкания должны проводиться в следующем порядке:
для первых 1000 циклов — с использованием ручных средств оперирования;...
[ ГОСТ Р 51326. 1-99 ( МЭК 61008-1-96)]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

The operating means (for example, a handle) of the supply disconnecting device shall be easily accessible and located between 0,6 m and 1,9 m above the servicing level.
[IEC 60204-1-2006]

Органы управления, например, рукоятки аппаратов отключения питания, должны быть легко доступны и располагаться на высоте от 0,6 до 1,9 м от рабочей площадки.
[Перевод Интент]

Where the external operating means is not intended for emergency operations, it is recommended that it be coloured BLACK or GREY.
[IEC 60204-1-2006]

Если внешние средства оперирования не предназначены для выполнения действий при возникновении аварийных ситуаций, то рекомендуется, применять такие средства ЧЕРНОГО или СЕРОГО цвета.
[Перевод Интент]

1.2.2. Control devices

Control devices must be:
— clearly visible and identifiable and appropriately marked where necessary,
— positioned for safe operation without hesitation or loss of time, and without ambiguity,
— designed so that the movement of the control is consistent with its effect,
— located outside the danger zones, except for certain controls where necessary, such as emergency stop, console for training of robots,
— positioned so that their operation cannot cause additional risk,
— designed or protected so that the desired effect, where a risk is involved, cannot occur without an intentional operation,
— made so as to withstand foreseeable strain; particular attention must be paid to emergency stop devices liable to be subjected to considerable strain.

1.2.2. Органы управления

Органы управления должны быть:
- четко видны, хорошо различимы и, где это необходимо, иметь соответствующее обозначение;
- расположены так, чтобы ими можно было пользоваться без возникновения сомнений и потерь времени на выяснение их назначения;
- сконструированы так, чтобы перемещение органа управления согласовывалось с их воздействием;
- расположены вне опасных зон; исключение, где это необходимо, делается для определенных средств управления, таких, как средство экстренной остановки, пульт управления роботом;
- расположены так, чтобы их использование не вызывало дополнительных рисков;
- сконструированы или защищены так, чтобы в случаях, где возможно возникновение рисков, они не могли бы возникнуть без выполнения намеренных действий;
- сделаны так, чтобы выдерживать предполагаемую нагрузку; при этом особое внимание уделяется органам аварийного останова, которые могут подвергаться значительным нагрузкам.

Where a control is designed and constructed to perform several different actions, namely where there is no one-to-one correspondence (e.g. keyboards, etc.), the action to be performed must be clearly displayed and subject to confirmation where necessary.

Если орган управления предназначен для выполнения разных действий, например, если в качестве органа управления используется клавиатура или аналогичное устройство, то должна выводиться четкая информация о предстоящем действии, и, если необходимо, должно выполняться подтверждение на выполнение такого действия.

Controls must be so arranged that their layout, travel and resistance to operation are compatible with the action to be performed, taking account of ergonomic principles.

Органы управления должны быть организованы таким образом, чтобы их расположение, перемещение их элементов и усилие, которое оператор затрачивает на их перемещение, соответствовали выполняемым операциям и принципам эргономики.

Constraints due to the necessary or foreseeable use of personal protection equipment (such as footwear, gloves, etc.) must be taken into account.

Необходимо учитывать скованность движений операторов при использовании необходимых или предусмотренных средств индивидуальной защиты (таких, как специальная обувь, перчатки и др.).

Machinery must be fitted with indicators (dials, signals, etc.) as required for safe operation. The operator must be able to read them from the control position.

Для обеспечения безопасной эксплуатации машинное оборудование должно быть оснащено индикаторами (циферблатами, устройствами сигнализации и т. д.). Оператор должен иметь возможность считывать их с места управления.

From the main control position the operator must be able to ensure that there are no exposed persons in the danger zones.

Находясь в главном пункте управления, оператор должен иметь возможность контролировать отсутствие незащищенных лиц.

If this is impossible, the control system must be designed and constructed so that an acoustic and/ or visual warning signal is given whenever the machinery is about to start.

Если это невозможно, то система управления должна быть разработана и изготовлена так, чтобы перед каждым пуском машинного оборудования подавался звуковой и/или световой предупредительный сигнал.

The exposed person must have the time and the means to take rapid action to prevent the machinery starting up.

[DIRECTIVE 98/37/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL]

Незащищенное лицо должно иметь достаточно времени и средств для быстрого предотвращения пуска машинного оборудования.

[Перевод Интент]

Тематики
- автоматизация, основные понятия
- аппарат, изделие, устройство...
- безопасность машин и труда в целом
- выключатель автоматический
- выключатель, переключатель
- высоковольтный аппарат, оборудование...
- электробезопасность
- электротехника, основные понятия
Синонимы
- средства оперирования
EN
DE
FR
- organe de commande
- organe de manoeuvre
орган управления СЧМ
орган управления
Техническое средство в СЧМ, предназначенное для передачи управляющих воздействий от оператора СЧМ к машине.
[ ГОСТ 26387-84]

орган управления
Часть тормозной системы, на которую непосредственно воздействует водитель (или в случае прицепа соответствующей конструкции - сопровождающее лицо), обеспечивая подачу в тормозной привод энергии, необходимой для торможения, или управляя такой подачей.
Примечание
Этой энергией может быть или мускульная энергия водителя, или энергия из другого источника, управляемого водителем, или кинетическая энергия прицепа, или сочетание этих видов энергии.
[ ГОСТ Р 41.13-2007]

Тематики
- автотранспортная техника
- система "Человек-машина"
Синонимы
- орган управления
EN
- control
регулирование
Управление, цель которого заключается в обеспечении близости текущих значений одной или нескольких координат объекта управления к их заданным значениям.
[Сборник рекомендуемых терминов. Выпуск 107. Теория управления.
Академия наук СССР. Комитет научно-технической терминологии. 1984 г.]

регулирование
Вид управления, процесс, посредством которого характеристики управляемой системы удерживаются на траектории, заданной блоком управления (т.е. управляющей системой). (См. статью Управление экономической системой и рис. к ней.) Р. можно подразделить на два вида: Р. по рассогласованиям (или отклонениям) и Р. по критическим параметрам. В первом случае система бывает вынуждена изменить свое поведение, когда с помощью обратной связи обнаруживается ее отклонение от заданных норм, плана и т.п.; во втором — когда достигается уровень какого-либо параметра, признанный критическим, недопустимым (например, накопление запаса сверх разрешенного — сигнал к уценке товара). Осуществляется этот процесс разными способами в зависимости от характера системы и от ее взаимодействий с окружающей средой. Так, Р. может быть произведено путем непосредственного воздействия блока управления на управляемую систему; путем устранения того внешнего фактора, под воздействием которого система выходит из нужного состояния — это называется компенсационным Р.; посредством изоляции системы от вероятных возмущений. В кибернетических системах орган, осуществляющий Р., называется регулятором. Вместе с блоком определения целей он составляет управляющую систему (правильнее было бы говорить о подсистеме). В экономике Р. выступает как способ управления, при котором управляющему центру нет нужды изучать и оценивать каждое случайное воздействие на систему и давать рецепт, как на него реагировать; однако имеются стимулы, направляющие реакцию системы на воздействия в нужное русло. Отлаженный рыночный механизм порождает процесс саморегулирования: фирмы и другие субъекты экономики самостоятельно принимают необходимые решения, исходя из условий производства и рыночной конъюнктуры. Регуляторами могут выступать государственные налоги, цены на некоторые виды продукции (играющие роль каркаса системы ценообразования, роль социальной защиты и др.), пошлины, некоторые экономические нормативы. Подробнее см. Макроэкономическое регулирование.
[ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]

Тематики
- автоматизация, основные понятия
- экономика
Обобщающие термины
- виды управления
EN
- control
- regulation
регулирование ГТД
регулирование
Процесс поддержания или преднамеренного изменения режима работы ГТД.
[ ГОСТ 23851-79]

Тематики
- двигатели летательных аппаратов
Синонимы
- регулирование
EN
- control
DE
- Regelung
FR
- régulation
управление
Упорядочивающее воздействие одной системы на другую, направленное на поддержание и улучшение функционирования объекта управления
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

управление
Совокупность целенаправленных действий, включающая оценку ситуации и состояния объекта управления, выбор управляющих воздействий и их реализацию.
[ ГОСТ 34.003-90]

управление
1. В самом широком смысле, действительном, наверное, для всех эпох истории человечества и для всех народов, У. — совокупность целенаправленных действий одних людей (управляющих), которые тем или иным способом организуют деятельность или отдельные действия других людей (управляемых) для достижения назначенных первыми целей. Это одно из самых широких, философских по своему существу, понятий, вокруг которых ведутся дискуссии, и которые вряд ли когда-нибудь обретут общепринятые дефиниции и толкования. Более конкретная и современная формула: управление это выработка и осуществление целенаправленных управляющих воздействий на объект (систему), что включает сбор, передачу и обработку необходимой информации, принятие и реализацию соответствующих решений. (Часто этим термином называют само управляющее воздействие). Основные понятия, связанные с У. и рассматриваемые в словаре: прогнозирование, планирование, организация, стимулирование и ряд других. См. Наука об управлении. Качество и эффективность управления на всех его уровнях и во всех ипостасях – важнейший фактор развития человечества, в том числе определяющий фактор экономического, научно-технического развития. Может быть, особенно ярко это отражает один исторический эпизод. Когда после 2-й мировой войны выявилось отставание европейских стран от США, во Франции вышла книга публициста Серван-Шрейбера, во многом перевернувшая сознание европейских политиков и экономистов: «Американский вызов». В ней, в частности, говорилось: «Благодаря прогрессу в методах управления американцы достигли такой производительности труда в расчете на одного человека, которая на 40 % выше производительности труда в Швеции, на 60% выше, чем в Западной Германии, на 70% выше, чем во Франции, и на 80% выше, чем в Англии. Для того, чтобы получить такие же прибыли, как получает американская корпорация «Дженерал моторс», т.е. примерно два с четвертью миллиарда долларов, 30 самых крупных европейских компаний и 10 самых крупных японских компаний нанимают в совокупности 3,5 млн человек, в то время как «Дженерал моторс» для получения той же прибыли нанимает только 730 тыс. человек, т.е. почти в пять раз меньше»… 2. В математической теории оптимальных процессов У. — совокупность управляющих параметров, переводящих систему из одного фазового состояния в другое.
[ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]

Тематики
EN
- control
- management
DE
- Leitung
- Verwaltung
FR
- gestion
управление технической системой
Этот термин обозначает управление загрузкой или поведением конфигурационной единицы, системы или ИТ-услуги.
[Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]

EN

control
Control also means to manage the utilization or behaviour of a configuration item, system or IT service.
[Словарь терминов ITIL® версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]

Тематики
- информационные технологии в целом
EN
- control
управляющее воздействие
Воздействие на объект управления, предназначенное для достижения цели управления.
[Сборник рекомендуемых терминов. Выпуск 107. Теория управления.
Академия наук СССР. Комитет научно-технической терминологии. 1984 г.]

управляющее воздействие
Сознательное целенаправленное воздействие, единичный акт управления, в частности, управления экономической системой. В общем смысле – само управление (при этом единичный акт понимается как постоянный, неопределенной длительности).
[ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]

Тематики
- автоматизация, основные понятия
- экономика
EN
управляющий элемент в MS DOS
Используется для организации общения с пользователем. Как правило, эти элементы объединяются в составе аналогового окна. Различают следующие виды управляющих элементов: кнопки, списки, комбинированные элементы, редактирующие элементы, линейка прокрутки и статический текст.
[Е.С.Алексеев, А.А.Мячев. Англо-русский толковый словарь по системотехнике ЭВМ. Москва 1993]

Тематики
- информационные технологии в целом
EN
- control
2.7 контроль (control): -

Примечание - В контексте безопасности информационно-телекоммуникационных технологий термин «контроль» может считаться синонимом «защитной меры» (см. 2.24).

Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО/МЭК 13335-1-2006: Информационная технология. Методы и средства обеспечения безопасности. Часть 1. Концепция и модели менеджмента безопасности информационных и телекоммуникационных технологий оригинал документа

3.17 мера управления (control): По 3.64, термин «защитная мера».

Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО/ТО 13569-2007: Финансовые услуги. Рекомендации по информационной безопасности

2.4 орган управления (control): Часть тормозной системы, на которую непосредственно воздействует водитель (или в случае прицепа соответствующей конструкции - сопровождающее лицо), обеспечивая подачу в тормозной привод энергии, необходимой для торможения, или управляя такой подачей.

Примечание - Этой энергией может быть или мускульная энергия водителя, или энергия из другого источника, управляемого водителем, или кинетическая энергия прицепа, или сочетание этих видов энергии.

Источник: ГОСТ Р 41.13-2007: Единообразные предписания, касающиеся транспортных средств категорий М, N и О в отношении торможения оригинал документа

3.17 мера управления (control): По 3.64, термин «защитная мера».

Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО ТО 13569-2007: Финансовые услуги. Рекомендации по информационной безопасности

2.26 контроль риска (control): Мера, которая модифицирует (изменяет) риск (2.1).

Примечание 1 - Контроль риска может включать любой процесс, политику, методику, практику или другие действия, модифицирующие риск.

Примечание 2 - Контроль риска может не всегда приводить к желаемому или ожидаемому эффекту.

[Руководство ИСО 73:2009, определение 3.8.1.1]

Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 31000-2010: Менеджмент риска. Принципы и руководство оригинал документа

2.8 управляющее воздействие (control): Воздействия, определяющие, регулирующие и/или влияющие на процесс.

Примечание - Управляющие воздействия охватывают процедуры, методы, планы, стандартные методики, стратегию и законодательство.

Источник: ГОСТ Р 52380.1-2005: Руководство по экономике качества. Часть 1. Модель затрат на процесс оригинал документа

3.5 контрольная проба (control): Смесь морской воды, питательной среды и клеток водорослей без анализируемой пробы.

Источник: ГОСТ Р 53910-2010: Вода. Методы определения токсичности по замедлению роста морских одноклеточных водорослей Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin и Sceletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve оригинал документа

3.6 контрольная проба (control): Смесь питательной среды, засеянная водорослями, без испытуемой пробы.

Источник: ГОСТ Р 54496-2011: Вода. Определение токсичности с использованием зеленых пресноводных одноклеточных водорослей оригинал документа

3.4 управление (control)

Источник: ГОСТ 31419-2010: Методы испытаний на стойкость к механическим внешним воздействующим факторам машин, приборов и других технических изделий. Испытания на вибрацию с воспроизведением воздействий нескольких типов оригинал документа

3.4 управление (control)

Источник: ГОСТ Р 53189-2008: Методы испытаний на стойкость к механическим внешним воздействующим факторам машин, приборов и других технических изделий. Испытания на вибрацию с воспроизведением воздействий нескольких типов оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > control
13 go

go ⇒ Usage note: go

A vi (3^e pers sg prés goes ; prét went ; pp gone)

1 (move, travel) aller (from de ; to à, en) ; to go to London/Paris aller à Londres/Paris ; to go to Wales/to Ireland/to California aller au Pays de Galles/en Irlande/en Californie ; to go to town/to the country aller en ville/à la campagne ; they went home ils sont rentrés chez eux ; she's gone to Paris elle est allée à Paris ; to go up/down/across monter/descendre/traverser ; I went into the room je suis entré dans la pièce ; to go by bus/train/plane voyager en bus/train/avion ; we went there by bus nous y sommes allés en bus ; to go by ou past [person, vehicle] passer ; that car's going very fast! cette voiture roule très vite! ; there he goes again! ( that's him again) le revoilà! ; fig ( he's starting again) le voilà qui recommence!, c'est reparti! ; who goes there? Mil qui va là? ; where do we go from here? fig et maintenant qu'est-ce qu'on fait? ;

2 (on specific errand, activity) aller ; to go shopping aller faire des courses ; to go swimming (in sea, river) aller se baigner ; ( in pool) aller à la piscine ; to go for a walk aller se promener ; to go on a journey/on holiday partir en voyage/en vacances ; to go for a drink aller prendre un verre ; he's gone to get some wine il est allé chercher du vin ; go and answer the phone va répondre au téléphone ; go and tell them that… va leur dire que… ; go after him! poursuivez-le! ;

3 ( attend) aller ; to go to school/ church aller à l'école/l'église ; to go to work aller or se rendre au travail ; to go to the doctor's/dentist's aller chez le médecin/dentiste ;

4 ( used as auxiliary with present participle) she went running up the stairs elle a monté l'escalier en courant ; she went complaining to the principal elle est allée se plaindre au directeur ;

5 ( depart) partir ; I must go, I must be going il faut que je parte or que je m'en aille ; the train goes at six o'clock le train part à six heures ; a train goes every hour il y a un train toutes les heures ; to go on holiday partir en vacances ; be gone! va-t'en!, allez-vous en! ;

6 euph ( die) mourir, disparaître ; when I am gone quand je ne serai plus là ; the doctors say she could go at any time d'après les médecins elle risque de mourir d'un instant à l'autre ;

7 ( disappear) partir ; half the money goes on school fees la moitié de l'argent part en frais de scolarité ; the money/cake has all gone il ne reste plus d'argent/de gâteau ; I left my bike outside and now it's gone j'ai laissé mon vélo dehors et il n'est plus là or il a disparu ; there goes my chance of winning! c'en est fait de mes chances de gagner! ;

8 (be sent, transmitted) it can't go by post on ne peut pas l'envoyer par la poste ; these proposals will go before parliament ces propositions seront soumises au parlement ;

9 ( become) to go red rougir ; to go white blanchir ; his hair ou he is going grey il commençe à avoir les cheveux blancs ; to go mad devenir fou/folle ; to go bankrupt faire faillite ;

10 ( change over to new system) to go Labour/Conservative Pol [country, constituency] voter travailliste/conservateur ; to go metric adopter le système métrique ; ⇒ private, public ;

11 (be, remain) the people went hungry les gens n'avaient rien à manger ; we went for two days without food nous avons passé deux jours sans rien manger ; to go unnoticed passer inaperçu ; to go unpunished rester impuni ; the question went unanswered la question est restée sans réponse ; to go naked se promener tout nu ; he was allowed to go free il a été libéré or remis en liberté ;

12 (weaken, become impaired) his memory/mind is going il perd la mémoire/l'esprit ; his hearing is going il devient sourd ; my voice is going je n'ai plus de voix ; the battery is going la batterie est presque à plat ; the engine is going le moteur a des ratés ;

13 ( of time) ( elapse) s'écouler ; three hours went by before… trois heures se sont écoulées avant que… (+ subj) ; there are only three days to go before Christmas il ne reste plus que trois jours avant Noël ; how's the time going? quelle heure est-il? ; it's just gone seven o'clock il est un peu plus de sept heures ;

14 ( be got rid of) he's totally inefficient, he'll have to go! il est complètement incapable, il va falloir qu'on se débarrasse de lui! ; that new lampshade is hideous, it'll have to go! ce nouvel abat-jour est affreux, il va falloir qu'on s'en débarrasse! ; the car will have to go il va falloir vendre la voiture ; either she goes or I do! c'est elle ou moi! ; six down and four to go! six de faits, et encore quatre à faire! ;

15 (operate, function) [vehicle, machine, clock] marcher, fonctionner ; to set [sth] going mettre [qch] en marche ; to get going [engine, machine] se mettre en marche ; fig [business] démarrer ; to get the fire going allumer le feu ; to keep going [person, business, machine] tenir le coup ○, se maintenir ; we have several projects going at the moment nous avons plusieurs projets en route en ce moment ; ⇒ keep ;

16 ( start) let's get going! allons-y!, allez, on commençe! ; we'll have to get going on that translation il va falloir qu'on se mette à faire cette traduction ; to get things going mettre les choses en train ; ready, steady, go! à vos marques, prêts, partez! ; here goes!, here we go! c'est parti! ; once he gets going, he never stops une fois lancé, il n'arrête pas ;

17 ( lead) aller, conduire, mener (to à) ; that corridor goes to the kitchen le couloir va or conduit à la cuisine ; the road goes down to the sea/goes up the mountain la route descend vers la mer/monte au sommet de la montagne ; this road goes past the cemetery ce chemin passe à côté du cimetière ;

18 ( extend in depth or scope) the roots of the plant go very deep les racines de la plante s'enfoncent très profondément ; the historical reasons for this conflict go very deep les raisons historiques de ce conflit remontent très loin ; these habits go very deep ces habitudes sont profondément ancrées or enracinées ; as far as that goes pour ce qui est de cela ; it's true as far as it goes c'est vrai dans un sens or dans une certaine mesure ; she'll go far! elle ira loin! ; this time he's gone too far! cette fois il est allé trop loin! ; a hundred pounds doesn't go far these days on ne va pas loin avec cent livres sterling de nos jours ; one leg of lamb doesn't go very far among twelve people un gigot d'agneau n'est pas suffisant pour douze personnes ; this goes a long way towards explaining his attitude ceci explique en grande partie son attitude ; you can make £5 go a long way on peut faire beaucoup de choses avec 5 livres sterling ;

19 (belong, be placed) aller ; where do these plates go? où vont ces assiettes? ; that table goes beside the bed cette table va à côté du lit ; the suitcases will have to go in the back il va falloir mettre les valises derrière ;

20 ( fit) gen rentrer ; it won't go into the box ça ne rentre pas dans la boîte ; five into four won't go quatre n'est pas divisible par cinq ; three into six goes twice six divisé par trois, ça fait deux ;

21 (be expressed, sung etc in particular way) I can't remember how the poem goes je n'arrive pas à me rappeler le poème ; how does the song go? quel est l'air de la chanson? ; the song goes something like this la chanson ressemble à peu près à ça ; as the saying goes comme dit le proverbe ; the story goes that le bruit court que, on dit que ; her theory goes something like this… sa théorie consiste à peu près à dire que… ;

22 ( be accepted) what he says goes c'est lui qui fait la loi ; it goes without saying that il va sans dire que ; that goes without saying cela va sans dire ; anything goes tout est permis ;

23 ( be about to) to be going to do aller faire ; it's going to snow il va neiger ; I was just going to phone you j'étais justement sur le point de t'appeler, j'allais justement t'appeler ; I'm going to phone him right now je vais l'appeler tout de suite ; I'm not going to be treated like that! je ne vais pas me laisser faire comme ça! ; we were going to go to Italy, but we changed our plans nous devions aller en Italie, mais nous avons changé d'idée ;

24 ( happen) the party went very well la soirée s'est très bien passée ; so far the campaign is going well jusqu'à maintenant la campagne a bien marché ; how did the evening go? comment s'est passée la soirée? ; the way things are going, I don't think we'll ever get finished vu la façon dont les choses se passent or si ça continue comme ça, je pense qu'on n'aura jamais fini ; how's it going ○ ?, how are things going? comment ça va ○ ? ; how goes it? hum comment ça va ○ ?, comment va ◑ ? ;

25 ( be on average) it's old, as Australian towns go c'est une ville assez vieille pour une ville australienne ; it wasn't a bad party, as parties go c'était une soirée plutôt réussie par rapport à la moyenne ;

26 ( be sold) the house went for over £100,000 la maison a été vendue à plus de 100 000 livres ; we won't let the house go for less than £100,000 nous ne voulons pas vendre la maison à moins de 100 000 livres ; those rugs are going cheap ces tapis ne sont pas chers ; the house will go to the highest bidder la maison sera vendue au plus offrant ; ‘going, going, gone!’ ( at auction) ‘une fois, deux fois, trois fois, adjugé!’ ;

27 ( be on offer) I'll have some coffee, if there's any going je prendrai bien un café, s'il y en a ; are there any drinks going? est-ce qu'il y a quelque chose à boire? ; I'll have whatever's going je prendrai ce qu'il y a ; it's the best machine going c'est la meilleure machine sur le marché ; there's a job going at their London office il y a un poste libre dans leur bureau de Londres ;

28 ( contribute) the money will go towards a new roof l'argent servira à payer un nouveau toit ; the elements that go to make a great film les éléments qui font un bon film ; everything that goes to make a good teacher toutes les qualités d'un bon enseignant ;

29 ( be given) [award, prize] aller (to à) ; [estate, inheritance, title] passer (to à) ; the money will go to charity les bénéfices iront aux bonnes œuvres ; most of the credit should go to the author la plus grande partie du mérite revient à l'auteur ; the job went to a local man le poste a été donné à un homme de la région ;

30 ( emphatic use) she's gone and told everybody! elle est allée le dire à tout le monde! ; why did he go and spoil it? pourquoi est-il allé tout gâcher ? ; you've gone and ruined everything! tu t'es débrouillé pour tout gâcher! ; he went and won the competition! il s'est débrouillé pour gagner le concours! ; you've really gone and done it now! tu peux être fier de toi! iron ; then he had to go and lose his wallet comme s'il ne manquait plus que ça, il a perdu son portefeuille ;

31 ( of money) (be spent, used up) all his money goes on drink tout son argent passe dans l'alcool ; most of his salary goes on rent la plus grande partie de son salaire passe dans le loyer ; I don't know where all my money goes (to)! je ne sais pas ce que je fais de mon argent! ;

32 (make sound, perform action or movement) gen faire ; [bell, alarm] sonner ; the cat went ‘miaow’ le chat a fait ‘miaou’ ; wait until the bell goes attends que la cloche sonne ( subj) ; she went like this with her fingers elle a fait comme ça avec ses doigts ; so he goes ‘what about my money ○ ?’ et puis il dit or il fait, ‘et mon argent?’ ;

33 (resort to, have recourse to) to go to war [country] entrer en guerre ; [soldier] partir à la guerre ; to go to law GB ou to the law US aller en justice ;

34 (break, collapse etc) [roof] s'effondrer ; [cable, rope] se rompre, céder ; ( fuse) [light bulb] griller ;

35 (bid, bet) aller ; I'll go as high as £100 j'irai jusqu'à 100 livres sterling ; I went up to £100 je suis allé jusqu'à 100 livres sterling ;

36 ( take one's turn) you go next c'est ton tour après, c'est à toi après ; you go first après vous ;

37 ( be in harmony) those two colours don't go together ces deux couleurs ne vont pas ensemble ; the curtains don't go with the carpet les rideaux ne vont pas avec le tapis ; white wine goes better with fish than red wine le vin blanc va mieux avec le poisson que le rouge ;

38 ○ euph ( relieve oneself) aller aux toilettes ;

39 US ( in takeaway) to go à emporter ; two hamburgers to go! deux hamburgers à emporter!

B vtr (3^e pers sg prés goes ; prét went ; pp gone) ( see usage note)

1 ( travel) we had gone ten miles before we realized that… nous avions déjà fait dix kilomètres quand nous nous sommes rendu compte que… ; are you going my way? tu vas dans la même direction que moi? ; to go one's own way fig suivre son chemin ;

2 ○ (bet, bid) I go two diamonds ( in cards) j'annonce deux carreaux ; he went £20 il a mis or parié 20 livres sterling.

C n (pl goes)

1 GB ( person's turn) tour m ; ( try) essai m ; it's your go ( in game) c'est ton tour, c'est à toi ; whose go is it? gen à qui le tour? ; ( in game) à qui de jouer? ; you've had two goes ( in game) tu as eu deux tours ; ( two attempts at mending sth) tu as déjà essayé deux fois ; to have a go at sth essayer de faire qch ; have another go! essaie encore une fois or un coup! ; she had several goes at the exam elle a repassé l'examen plusieurs fois ; I had to have several goes before passing j'ai dû m'y reprendre à plusieurs fois avant de réussir ;

2 ○ ( energy) dynamisme m ; to be full of go, to be all go être très dynamique, avoir beaucoup d'allant ; he has no go in him il manque de dynamisme ;

3 ○ GB ( bout) ( of illness) attaque f ;

4 ⇒ Games and sports ( board game) go m.

D adj all systems are go! Aerosp tout est paré pour le lancement!

Idioms

to have a go at sb s'en prendre à qn ; to make a go of sth réussir qch ; she's always on the go elle n'arrête jamais ; he's all go ○ ! il n'arrête pas! ; it's all the go ○ ! ça fait fureur! ; we have several different projects on the go at the moment nous avons plusieurs projets différents en chantier or en cours en ce moment ; (it's) no go! pas question! ; from the word go dès le départ ; that was a near go ○ ! on l'a échappé belle! ; in one go d'un seul coup ; to go one better than sb renchérir sur qn ; that's how it goes!, that's the way it goes! ainsi va le monde!, c'est la vie! ; there you go ○ ! voilà!

Phrasal verbs

■ go about:

▶ go about

1 = go around ;

2 Naut virer de bord ; prepare to go about! parer à virer! ;

▶ go about [sth]

1 ( undertake) s'attaquer à [task] ; how do you go about writing a novel? comment est-ce que vous vous y prenez pour écrire un roman? ; he knows how to go about it il sait s'y prendre ;

2 ( be busy with) to go about one's business vaquer à ses occupations ; she went about her work mechanically elle faisait son travail machinalement.

■ go across:

▶ go across traverser ; he's gone across to the shop/neighbour's il est allé au magasin en face/chez les voisins en face ;

▶ go across [sth] traverser [street, river, bridge etc].

■ go after:

▶ go after [sth/sb]

1 ( chase) poursuivre [person] ;

2 fig ( try hard to get) he really went after that job il a fait tout son possible pour avoir ce travail.

■ go against:

▶ go against [sb/sth]

1 ( prove unfavourable to) the vote/verdict/decision went against them le vote/le verdict/la décision leur a été défavorable or n'a pas été en leur faveur ; the war is going against them la guerre tourne à leur désavantage ;

2 ( conflict with) être contraire à [rules, principles] ; to go against the trend aller à l'encontre de or être contraire à la tendance ; to go against the party line Pol ne pas être dans la ligne du parti ;

3 (resist, oppose) s'opposer à, aller à l'inverse de [person, sb's wishes].

■ go ahead

1 ( go in front) go ahead, I'll follow you on partez devant, je vous suis ;

2 fig ( proceed) go! ( in conversation) continue! ; go ahead and shoot! vas-y, tire! ; they are going ahead with the project ils ont décidé de mettre le projet en route ; we can go ahead without them nous pouvons continuer sans eux ; next week's strike is to go ahead la grève de la semaine prochaine va avoir lieu.

■ go along

1 ( move along) [person, vehicle] aller, avancer ; to make sth up as one goes along fig inventer qch au fur et à mesure ;

2 ( attend) aller ; she went along as a witch elle y est allée déguisée en sorcière ; I went along as a witness j'y suis allé or je me suis présenté comme témoin.

■ go along with:

▶ go along with [sb/sth] être d'accord avec, accepter [plans, wishes] ; I can't go along with that je ne peux pas accepter ça ; I'll go along with you there je suis d'accord avec vous sur ce point.

■ go around:

▶ go around

1 (move, travel about) se promener, circuler ; to go around naked/barefoot se promener tout nu/pieds nus ; she goes around on a bicycle elle circule à bicyclette ; they go around everywhere together ils vont partout ensemble ;

2 ( circulate) [rumour] courir ; there's a rumour going around that le bruit court que ; there's a virus going around il y a un virus qui traîne ; there isn't enough money to go around il n'y a pas assez d'argent pour tout le monde ;

▶ go around [sth] faire le tour de [house, shops, area] ; to go around the world faire le tour du monde ; they went around the country looking for him ils l'ont cherché dans tout le pays.

■ go at:

▶ go at [sb] ( attack) attaquer, tomber sur ;

▶ go at [sth] s'attaquer à, s'atteler à [task, activity].

■ go away [person] partir ; to go away on holiday GB ou vacation US partir en vacances ; go away and leave me alone! va-t-en et laisse-moi tranquille! ; go away and think about it réfléchissez-y ; don't go away thinking that ne va pas croire que ; this cold/headache just won't go away! je n'arrive pas à me débarrasser de ce rhume/mal de tête! ; the problems aren't just going to go away! les problèmes ne vont pas disparaître tout seuls!

■ go back

1 ( return) retourner ; ( turn back) rebrousser chemin, faire demi-tour ; ( resume work) reprendre le travail ; (resume classes, studies) reprendre les cours ; as it was raining, they decided to go back comme il pleuvait, ils ont décidé de faire demi-tour or de rebrousser chemin ; they went back home ils sont rentrés chez eux ; let's go back to France rentrons en France ; to go back to the beginning recommencer ; to go back to sleep se rendormir ; to go back to work/writing se remettre au travail/à écrire ; go back! the path isn't safe reculez! le chemin est dangereux ; once you've committed yourself, there's no going back une fois que vous vous êtes engagé, vous ne pouvez plus reculer ;

2 ( in time) remonter ; to go back in time remonter dans le temps ; to understand the problem we need to go back 20 years pour comprendre le problème il faut remonter 20 ans en arrière ; this tradition goes back a century cette tradition est vieille d'un siècle ; we go back a long way ça fait longtemps qu'on se connaît ;

3 ( revert) revenir (to à) ; to go back to teaching revenir à l'enseignement ; to go back to being a student reprendre des études ; let's go back to what we were discussing yesterday revenons à ce que dont nous parlions hier.

■ go back on:

▶ go back on [sth] revenir sur [promise, decision].

■ go before:

▶ go before ( go in front) aller au devant ; fig ( in time) se passer avant ; all that had gone before tout ce qui s'était passé avant ;

▶ go before [sb/sth] [person] comparaître devant [court, judge] ; the bill went before parliament le projet de loi a été soumis au parlement.

■ go below gen, Naut descendre.

■ go by:

▶ go by [person] passer ; [time] passer, s'écouler ; as time goes by avec le temps ; don't let such opportunities go by il ne faut pas laisser passer de telles occasions ;

▶ go by [sth]

1 ( judge by) juger d'après ; to go by appearances juger d'après or sur les apparences ; going by her looks, I'd say she was about 30 à la voir, je lui donne 30 ans ; you mustn't go by what you read in the papers il ne faut pas croire tout ce que disent les journaux ; if the trailer is anything to go by, it should be a good film à en juger par la bande-annonce, ça doit être un bon film ; if the father is anything to go by, I wouldn't like to meet the son! quand on voit le père, on n'a pas envie de rencontrer le fils! ;

2 ( proceed by) to go by the rules suivre or observer le règlement ; promotion goes by seniority la promotion se fait à l'ancienneté or en fonction de l'ancienneté.

■ go down:

▶ go down

1 ( descend) gen descendre ; [diver] effectuer une plongée ; to go down to the cellar descendre à la cave ; to go down to the beach aller à la plage ; to go down to the pub aller au pub ; they've gone down to Brighton for a few days ils sont allés passer quelques jours à Brighton ; ‘going down!’ ( in elevator) ‘on descend!’ ; to go down on one's knees se mettre à genoux ;

2 ( fall) [person, aircraft] tomber ; ( sink) [ship] couler, sombrer ; [person] couler, disparaître sous les flots ; most of the passengers went down with the ship la plupart des passagers ont coulé avec le navire ; the plane went down in flames l'avion s'est écrasé en flammes ; the plane went down over Normandy/the Channel l'avion s'est écrasé en Normandie/est tombé dans la Manche ; to go down for the third time [drowning person] disparaître sous les flots et se noyer ;

3 [sun] se coucher ;

4 ( be received) to go down well/badly être bien/mal reçu ; this remark didn't go down at all well cette remarque n'a pas été appréciée du tout ; his jokes went down well/didn't go down well with the audience le public a apprécié/n'a pas beaucoup apprécié ses plaisanteries ; another cup of coffee would go down nicely! une autre tasse de café serait la bienvenue! ;

5 ( be swallowed) it went down the wrong way c'est passé de travers ;

6 ( become lower) [water level, temperature] baisser ; [tide] descendre ; [price, standard] baisser ; ( abate) [storm, wind] se calmer ; [fire] s'éteindre ; the river has/the floods have gone down le niveau de la rivière/des inondations a baissé ; foodstuffs are going down (in price) les produits alimentaires deviennent moins chers ;

7 ( become deflated) [swelling] désenfler ; [tyre, balloon] se dégonfler ;

8 GB Univ ( break up for holiday) terminer les cours ; ( leave university permanently) quitter l'université ; when do you go down? quand est-ce que vous êtes en vacances? ;

9 gen, Sport (fail, be defeated) perdre ; ( be downgraded) redescendre ; Corby went down 6-1 to Oxford Corby a perdu 6-1 contre Oxford ; the team has gone down to the second division l'équipe est redescendue en deuxième division ;

10 ( be remembered) he will go down as a great statesman on se souviendra de lui comme d'un grand homme d'État ;

11 ( be recorded) être noté ; it all goes down in her diary elle note tout dans son journal ;

12 ( continue) the book goes down to 1939 le livre va jusqu'en 1939 ; if you go down to the second last line you will see that si vous regardez à l'avant-dernière ligne, vous verrez que ;

13 ( be stricken) to go down with flu/malaria attraper la grippe/la malaria ;

14 ○ GB ( be sent to prison) être envoyé en prison ;

15 Comput [computer, system] tomber en panne ;

▶ go down [sth]

1 lit descendre [hill] ; descendre dans [mine] ;

2 ( be downgraded) to go down a class Sch redescendre d'une classe.

■ go down on:

▶ go down on [sth] ( set) [sun] se coucher sur ; when the sun went down on the Roman Empire fig quand l'empire romain commençait à décliner ;

▶ go down on [sb] ● ( have oral sex with) tailler une pipe à ● [man] ; faire minette à ● [woman].

■ go for:

▶ go for [sb/sth]

1 ○ (favour, have liking for) craquer ○ pour [person, physical type] ; aimer [style of music, literature etc] ; he really goes for blondes il craque ○ pour or il adore les blondes ; I don't go much for modern art je ne suis pas emballé ○ par l'art moderne, je n'aime pas tellement l'art moderne ;

2 ( apply to) être valable pour, s'appliquer à ; that goes for all of you! c'est valable pour tout le monde! ; the same goes for him c'est valable pour lui aussi!, ça s'applique à lui aussi! ;

▶ go for [sb]

1 ( attack) ( physically) attaquer, tomber sur ; ( verbally) attaquer, s'en prendre à [person] ; the two youths went for him les deux jeunes l'ont attaqué or lui ont sauté dessus ; to go for sb's throat [animal] attaquer qn à la gorge ; she really went for him! (in argument, row) elle l'a vraiment incendié!, elle s'en est prise violemment à lui! ;

2 he has a lot going for him il a beaucoup de choses pour lui ;

▶ go for [sth]

1 ( attempt to achieve) essayer d'obtenir [honour, victory] ; she's going for the gold medal/world record elle vise la médaille d'or/le record mondial ; go for it ○ ! vas-y, fonce ○ ! ; the company is going for a new image l'entreprise cherche à se donner une nouvelle image ; the team is going for a win against Italy l'équipe compte bien gagner contre l'Italie ;

2 ( choose) choisir, prendre ; I'll go for the blue one je prendrai le bleu.

■ go forth sout [person] ( go out) sortir ; ( go forward) aller, avancer ; go forth and multiply allez et multipliez-vous.

■ go forward(s) avancer.

■ go in

1 ( enter) entrer ; ( go back in) rentrer ;

2 Mil [army, troops] attaquer ; the troops went in at dawn les troupes ont attaqué à l'aube ;

3 ( disappear) [sun, moon] se cacher.

■ go in for:

▶ go in for [sth]

1 ( be keen on) aimer [sport, hobby etc] ; I don't go in for sports much je n'aime pas tellement le sport ; he goes in for opera in a big way il adore l'opéra, c'est un fou d'opéra ○ ; we don't go in for that sort of thing nous n'aimons pas ce genre de chose ; they don't go in much for foreign languages at Ben's school ils ne s'intéressent pas beaucoup aux langues étrangères dans l'école de Ben ;

2 ( take up) to go in for teaching entrer dans l'enseignement ; to go in for politics se lancer dans la politique ;

3 ( take part in) s'inscrire à [exam, competition].

■ go into:

▶ go into [sth]

1 ( enter) entrer dans ; fig ( take up) se lancer dans ; to go into hospital entrer à l'hôpital ; to go into parliament entrer au parlement ; to go into politics/business se lancer dans la politique/les affaires ;

2 (examine, investigate) étudier ; we need to go into the question of funding il faut que nous étudiions la question du financement ;

3 (explain, describe) I won't go into why I did it je n'expliquerai pas pourquoi je l'ai fait ; let's not go into that now laissons cela de côté pour l'instant ;

4 ( launch into) se lancer dans ; she went into a long explanation of what had happened elle s'est lancée dans une longue explication de ce qui s'était passé ;

5 ( be expended) a lot of work/money went into this project beaucoup de travail/d'argent a été investi dans ce projet ; a lot of effort went into organizing the party l'organisation de la soirée a demandé beaucoup de travail ;

6 ( hit) [car, driver] rentrer dans, heurter ; the car went into a lamp post la voiture est rentrée dans or a heurté un réverbère.

■ go in with:

▶ go in with [sb] se joindre à [person, ally, organization] ; he went in with us to buy the present il s'est mis avec nous pour acheter le cadeau.

■ go off:

▶ go off

1 (explode, fire) [bomb] exploser ; the gun didn't go off le coup n'est pas parti ;

2 [alarm clock] sonner ; [fire alarm] se déclencher ;

3 ( depart) partir, s'en aller ; he went off to work il est parti au travail ; she went off to find a spade elle est allée chercher une pelle ; they went off together ils sont partis ensemble ;

4 GB ( go bad) [milk, cream] tourner ; [meat] s'avarier ; [butter] rancir ; ( deteriorate) [performer, athlete etc] perdre sa forme ; [work] se dégrader ; ( lose one's attractiveness) [person] être moins beau/belle qu'avant ; he used to be very handsome, but he's gone off a bit il était très beau, mais il est moins bien maintenant ; the first part of the film was good, but after that it went off la première partie du film était bien, mais après ça s'est dégradé ;

5 ○ ( fall asleep) s'endormir ;

6 ( cease to operate) [lights, heating] s'éteindre ;

7 (happen, take place) [evening, organized event] se passer ; the concert went off very well le concert s'est très bien passé ;

8 Theat quitter la scène ;

▶ go off [sb/sth] GB I used to like him but I've gone off him je l'aimais bien avant, mais je ne l'aime plus tellement ; I've gone off opera/whisky je n'aime plus tellement l'opéra/le whisky ; I think she's gone off the idea je crois qu'elle a renoncé à l'idée.

■ go off with:

▶ go off with [sb/sth] partir avec [person, money] ; she went off with all his money elle est partie avec tout son argent ; who's gone off with my pen? qui a pris mon stylo?

■ go on:

▶ go on

1 (happen, take place) se passer ; what's going on? qu'est-ce qui se passe? ; there's a party going on upstairs il y a une fête en haut ; how long has this been going on? depuis combien de temps est-ce que ça dure? ; a lot of stealing goes on il y a beaucoup de vols ; a lot of drinking goes on at Christmas time les gens boivent beaucoup à Noël ;

2 ( continue on one's way) poursuivre son chemin ;

3 ( continue) continuer ; go on with your work continuez votre travail, continuez de travailler ; go on looking continuez à or de chercher ; she went on speaking elle a continué de parler ; go on, we're all listening! continue, nous t'écoutons tous! ; ‘and another thing,’ she went on, ‘you're always late’ ‘et autre chose,’ a-t-elle ajouté, ‘vous êtes toujours en retard’ ; if he goes on like this, he'll get into trouble! s'il continue comme ça, il va s'attirer des ennuis ; we can't go on like this! nous ne pouvons pas continuer comme ça! ; life must go on la vie continue ; the meeting went on into the afternoon la réunion s'est prolongée jusque dans l'après-midi ; you can't go on being a pen pusher all your life! tu ne peux pas rester gratte-papier toute ta vie! ; the list goes on and on la liste est infinie or interminable ; that's enough to be going on with ça suffit pour le moment ; have you got enough work to be going on with? est-ce que tu as assez de travail pour le moment? ; here's £20 to be going on with voici 20 livres pour te dépanner ; go on (with you) ○ ! allons donc! ;

4 ( of time) ( elapse) as time went on, they… avec le temps, ils… ; as the evening went on, he became more animated au fur et à mesure que la soirée avançait, il devenait plus animé ;

5 ( keep talking) to go on about sth ne pas arrêter de parler de qch, parler de qch à n'en plus finir ; he was going on about the war il parlait de la guerre à n'en plus finir ; don't go on about it! arrête de parler de ça!, change de disque! ; she went on and on about it elle en a fait toute une histoire ; he does tend to go on a bit! il a tendance à radoter ○ ! ; the way she goes on, you'd think she was an expert on the subject! à l'entendre, on croirait qu'elle est experte en la matière! ;

6 ( proceed) passer ; let's go on to the next item passons au point suivant ; he went on to say that/describe how puis il a dit que/décrit comment ;

7 ( go into operation) [heating, lights] s'allumer ;

8 Theat entrer en scène ; what time do you go on? à quelle heure est-ce que vous entrez en scène? ;

9 ( approach) it's going on three o'clock il est presque trois heures ; she's four going on five elle va sur ses cinq ans ; he's thirty going on three hum il a trente ans mais il pourrait bien en avoir trois ;

10 ( fit) these gloves won't go on ces gants ne m'iront pas ; the lid won't go on properly le couvercle ne ferme pas bien ;

▶ go on [sth] se fonder sur [piece of evidence, information] ; that's all we've got to go on tout ce que nous savons avec certitude ; we've got nothing else to go on nous n'avons pas d'autre point de départ ; the police haven't got much evidence to go on la police n'a pas beaucoup de preuves à l'appui.

■ go on at:

▶ go on at [sb] s'en prendre à [person] ; he's always going on at me for writing badly il s'en prend toujours à moi à cause de ma mauvaise écriture ; they're always going on at us about deadlines ils sont toujours sur notre dos pour des histoires de délais.

■ go out

1 (leave, depart) sortir ; she went out of the room elle a quitté la pièce, elle est sortie de la pièce ; to go out walking aller se promener ; to go out for a drink aller prendre un verre ; they go out a lot ils sortent beaucoup ; she likes going out elle aime sortir ; she had to go out to work at 14 il a fallu qu'elle aille travailler à 14 ans ;

2 ( travel long distance) partir (to à, pour) ; she's gone out to Australia/Africa elle est partie pour l'Australie/l'Afrique ;

3 ( have relationship) to go out with sb sortir avec qn ; they've been going out together for six weeks ils sortent ensemble depuis six semaines ;

4 [tide] descendre ; the tide is going out la marée descend, la mer se retire ;

5 Ind ( go on strike) se mettre en grève ;

6 ( become unfashionable) passer de mode ; ( no longer be used) ne plus être utilisé ; mini-skirts went out in the 1970s les mini-jupes ont passé de mode dans les années 70 ; gas went out and electricity came in l'électricité a remplacé le gaz ;

7 ( be extinguished) [fire, light] s'éteindre ;

8 ( be sent) [invitation, summons] être envoyé ; ( be published) [journal, magazine] être publié ; Radio, TV ( be broadcast) être diffusé ;

9 ( be announced) word went out that he was coming back le bruit a couru qu'il revenait ; the news went out from Washington that Washington a annoncé que ;

10 ( be eliminated) gen, Sport être éliminé ; she went out in the early stages of the competition elle a été éliminée au début de la compétition ;

11 (expressing compassion, sympathy) my heart goes out to them je les plains de tout mon cœur, je suis de tout cœur avec eux ; our thoughts go out to absent friends nos pensées vont vers nos amis absents ;

12 ( disappear) all the spirit seemed to have gone out of her elle semblait avoir perdu tout son entrain ; the romance seemed to have gone out of their relationship leur relation semblait avoir perdu tout son charme ;

13 ( end) [year, month] se terminer ;

14 ( in cards) terminer.

■ go over:

▶ go over

1 ( cross over) aller ; she went over to him/to the window elle est allée vers lui/vers la fenêtre, elle s'est approchée de lui/de la fenêtre ; to go over to Ireland/to America aller en Irlande/aux États-Unis ; we are now going over to Washington for more news Radio, TV nous passons maintenant l'antenne à Washington pour plus d'informations ;

2 ( be received) how did his speech go over? comment est-ce que son discours a été reçu? ; his speech went over well son discours a été bien reçu ; to go over big ○ avoir un grand succès ;

3 ( switch over) he went over to Labour from the Conservatives il est passé du parti des conservateurs au parti des travaillistes ; to go over to the other side fig passer dans l'autre camp ; we've gone over to gas (central heating) nous sommes passés au chauffage central au gaz ; to go over to Islam se convertir à l'Islam ;

▶ go over [sth]

1 ( review) passer [qch] en revue [details] ; she went over the events of the day in her mind elle a passé en revue les événements de la journée ; we've gone over the details again and again nous avons déjà passé les détails en revue mille fois ; to go over one's lines ( actor) répéter son texte ; there's no point in going over old ground il n'y a aucune raison de revenir là-dessus ;

2 (check, inspect) vérifier [accounts, figures] ; revoir [facts, piece of work] ; I want to go over this article once more before I hand it in je veux relire cet article une dernière fois avant de le remettre ; to go over a house faire le tour d'une maison ;

3 ( clean) he went over the room with a duster il a donné un coup de chiffon dans la pièce ; after cleaning, go over the surface with a dry cloth après l'avoir nettoyée, essuyez la surface avec un chiffon sec or passez un chiffon sec sur la surface ;

4 to go over a sketch in ink repasser un dessin à l'encre ;

5 ( exceed) dépasser ; don't go over £100 ne dépassez pas 100 livres sterling.

■ go round GB:

▶ go round

1 ( turn) [wheel, propeller etc] tourner ; the wheels went round and round les roues n'ont pas arrêté de tourner ; my head's going round j'ai la tête qui tourne ;

2 ( call round) to go round to see sb aller voir qn ; he's gone round to Anna's il est allé chez Anna ;

3 ( suffice) there isn't enough food/money to go round il n'y a pas assez de nourriture/d'argent pour tout le monde ; there was barely enough to go round il y en avait à peine assez pour tout le monde ;

4 ( circulate) there's a rumour going round that le bruit court que ;

5 ( make detour) faire un détour ; we had to go round the long way ou the long way round il a fallu qu'on prenne un chemin plus long ; I had to go round by the bridge il a fallu que je passe par or que je fasse un détour par le pont ;

▶ go round [sth] ( visit) faire le tour de [shops, house, museum].

■ go through:

▶ go through

1 ( come in) entrer ; if you'll just go (on) through, I'll tell them you're here si vous voulez bien entrer, je vais leur dire que vous êtes arrivé ;

2 ( be approved) [law, agreement] passer ; the law failed to go through la loi n'est pas passée ; the divorce hasn't gone through yet le divorce n'a pas encore été prononcé ;

3 ( be successfully completed) [business deal] être conclu ;

▶ go through [sth]

1 ( undergo) endurer, subir [experience, ordeal] ; ( pass through) passer par [stage, phase] ; in spite of all he's gone through malgré tout ce qu'il a enduré ; we've all gone through it nous sommes tous passés par là ; she's gone through a lot elle a beaucoup souffert ; he went through the day in a kind of daze toute la journée il a été dans un état second ; the country has gone through two civil wars le pays a connu deux guerres civiles ; to go through a crisis traverser une crise ; as you go through life au fur et à mesure que tu vieillis, en vieillissant ; you have to go through the switchboard/right authorities il faut passer par le standard/les autorités compétentes ; it went through my mind that l'idée m'a traversé l'esprit que ;

2 (check, inspect) examiner, étudier ; ( rapidly) parcourir [documents, files, list] ; to go through one's mail parcourir son courrier ; let's go through the points one by one étudions or examinons les problèmes un par un ;

3 ( search) fouiller [person's belongings, baggage] ; to go through sb's pockets/drawers fouiller dans les poches/tiroirs de qn ; at customs they went through all my things à la douane ils ont fouillé toutes mes affaires ;

4 (perform, rehearse) répéter [scene] ; expliquer [procedure] ; let's go through the whole scene once more répétons or reprenons toute la scène une dernière fois ; there are still a certain number of formalities to be gone through il y a encore un certain nombre de formalités à remplir ; I went through the whole procedure with him je lui ai expliqué comment il fallait procéder en détail ;

5 (consume, use up) dépenser [money] ; we went through three bottles of wine nous avons bu or descendu ○ trois bouteilles de vin ; I've gone through the elbows of my jacket j'ai usé ma veste aux coudes.

■ go through with:

▶ go through with [sth] réaliser, mettre [qch] à exécution [plan] ; in the end they decided to go through with the wedding finalement ils ont décidé de se marier ; I can't go through with it je ne peux pas le faire ; you'll have to go through with it now il va falloir que tu le fasses maintenant.

■ go together

1 ( harmonize) [colours, pieces of furniture etc] aller ensemble ; these colours don't go together ces couleurs ne vont pas ensemble ;

2 ( entail each other) aller de pair ; poverty and crime often go together la pauvreté et le crime vont souvent de pair ;

3 ○ †( have relationship) [couple] sortir ensemble.

■ go under

1 [boat, ship] couler, sombrer ; [drowning person] couler, disparaître sous les flots ;

2 fig ( succumb) [person] succomber ; ( go bankrupt) [business, company] faire faillite.

■ go up:

▶ go up

1 ( ascend) monter ; to go up to bed monter se coucher ; they've gone up to London ils sont allés or montés à Londres ; they've gone up to Scotland ils sont allés en Écosse ; ‘going up!’ ( in elevator) ‘on monte!’ ;

2 ( rise) [price, temperature] monter ; Theat [curtain] se lever (on sur) ; petrol has gone up (in price) (le prix de) l'essence a augmenté ; unemployment is going up le chômage augmente or est en hausse ; our membership has gone up le nombre de nos adhérents a augmenté ; a cry went up from the crowd un cri est monté or s'est élevé de la foule ;

3 ( be erected) [building] être construit ; [poster] être affiché ; new office blocks are going up all over the place on construit de nouveaux immeubles un peu partout ;

4 (be destroyed, blown up) [building] sauter, exploser ;

5 GB Univ ( start university) entrer à l'université ; ( start term) reprendre les cours ;

6 ( be upgraded) the team has gone up to the first division l'équipe est passée en première division ;

7 ( continue) the book/series goes up to 1990 le livre/la série va jusqu'en 1990 ;

▶ go up [sth]

1 ( mount) monter, gravir [hill, mountain] ;

2 to go up a class Sch passer dans une classe supérieure.

■ go with:

▶ go with [sth]

1 (match, suit) aller avec ; your shirt goes with your blue eyes ta chemise va bien avec tes yeux bleus ; white wine goes better with fish than red wine le vin blanc va mieux avec le poisson que le rouge ;

2 ( accompany) aller de pair avec ; the car goes with the job la voiture va de pair avec la situation ; the responsibilities that go with parenthood les responsabilités qui vont de pair avec le fait d'être parent ;

▶ go with [sb] ( date) sortir avec ; ( have sex with) coucher avec [person].

■ go without:

▶ go without s'en passer ; you'll just have to go without! il va falloir que tu t'en passes!, il va falloir que tu fasses sans! ;

▶ go without [sth] se passer de [food, luxuries].

Big English-French dictionary > go
14 call

kɔ:l
1. сущ.
1) а) крик Syn: shout
1., cry
1. б) крик (животного, особ. птицы) a wild range of animal noises and bird calls ≈ разнообразный шум животных и крики птиц в) зов, призыв( специальные звуки для приманивания птиц и т. п.) г) манок, дудка( при ловле птиц)
2) а) приглашение или команда собраться act call ≈ театр. сигнал актерам о начале представления;
звонок, созывающий публику в зрительный зал б) сигнал, сбор (с помощью горна, барабана и т. п.) в) вызов (в суд) call to the bar ≈ признание статуса барристера г) предложение принять должность пастора и занять приход д) приглашение, сбор актеров на репетицию The call is for 11 o'clock. ≈ Репетиция назначена на 11 часов. е) вызов (аплодисментами на сцену актеров и т. п.) ж) влечение, тяга You must be feeling exhilarated by the call of the new. ≈ Вероятно, вы чувствуете радость от тяги к новому. з) зов;
притягательность( чего-л. - пейзажа, работы и т. п.) the call of the wild ≈ зов дикой природы Syn: pull
1. и) зов, знамение приближающейся смерти to get one's call, to get the call ≈ умереть;
быть на грани смерти
3) телефонный вызов, телефонный звонок;
телефонный разговор to give smb. a call ≈ позвонить кому-л. to make a call to smb., place a call to smb. ≈ сделать телефонный звонок кому-л. to answer, return, take a call ≈ ответить на телефонный звонок business call ≈ деловой звонок conference call ≈ приглашение на конференцию local call ≈ местный звонок long-distance, trunk call ≈ междугородный телефонный вызов toll call ≈ амер.- телефонный разговор с пригородом;
междугородный телефонный разговор (за дополнительную плату) One call was for me. ≈ Один раз вызывали меня. Who will take her call? ≈ Кто ответит на ее звонок? The operator put my call right through. ≈ Телефонистка сразу же соединила меня (с нужным абонентом). collect call ≈ телефонный разговор, оплачиваемый абонентом, которому звонят dial-direct call ≈ прямой телефонный звонок direct-dialled call ≈ прямой телефонный звонок emergency call ≈ срочный телефонный звонок operator-assisted call ≈ звонок через телефониста transferred-charge call ≈ телефонный разговор, оплачиваемый абонентом, которому звонят
4) а) требование;
спрос He has many calls on his money. ≈ К нему постоянно обращаются за деньгами. Syn: demand
1. requisition
1., claim
1. б) коммерч. требование уплаты долга, очередного взноса и т. п.
5) долг;
необходимость, нужда You have no call to blush. ≈ Вам нечего краснеть. There is no call for such behavior. ≈ Такое поведение ничем не оправдано. call of duty ≈ чувство долга Syn: duty, need
1., occasion
1., right I
1.
6) призыв;
просьба There have been calls for a new kind of security arrangement. ≈ Раздавались призывы обновить меры безопасности. many calls for Christmas stories ≈ многочисленные просьбы рассказать рождественскую историю
7) перекличка;
время переклички Syn: roll-call
8) а) визит, посещение( обыкн. краткий) business call ≈ деловой визит courtesy call ≈ визит вежливости professional call ≈ вызов (врача, адвоката и т. п.) He decided to pay a call on Tommy. ≈ Он решил нанести визит Тому. to pay a call ≈ нанести визит б) заход( парохода в порт) ;
остановка( поезда на станции)
9) карт. объявление (козырной масти) ∙ at call ≈ наготове, к услугам within call ≈ поблизости on call
2. гл.
1) а) кричать;
окликать call for help ≈ взывать о помощи to call to one another ≈ перекликаться (друг с другом) to call the waiter over ≈ подозвать официанта He is in the next room, call him. ≈ Он в соседней комнате, крикни его. Did you call? ≈ Вы меня звали? he called to her ≈ он крикнул ей, он окликнул ее Syn: shout
2., cry
2. б) о животных, особ. о птицах - издавать характерные крики;
жужжать( о пчелах перед роением) в) призывать, созывать( горном и т. п.) г) карт. объявлять( козырную масть и т. п.)
2) звонить или говорить по телефону He called me from New York. ≈ Он позвонил мне (по телефону) из Нью-Йорка. we called them to say that... ≈ мы сообщили им по телефону, что... Did anyone call? ≈ Мне кто-нибудь звонил? to call back ≈ позвонить по телефону (в ответ на звонок), перезвонить I'll call you back. ≈ Я вам потом перезвоню.
3) выкрикивать( что-л. четким, громким голосом) ;
перекликать, вызывать( по именам, фамилиям) ;
провозглашать, объявлять;
оглашать to call out a command ≈ выкрикнуть команду to call the docket ≈ огласить список судебных дел Here the captain called a halt. ≈ В этом месте капитан объявил привал. to call the score ≈ спорт вести( объявлять) счет
4) а) звать, вызывать;
приглашать She called the children to dinner. ≈ Она позвала детей к обеду. The bell called to dinner. ≈ Звонок позвал к обеду. He screamed for his wife to call an ambulance. ≈ Он закричал, чтобы жена вызвала скорую помощь. б) юр. вызывать (в суд и т. п.) The child waited two hours before she was called to give evidence. ≈ Девочка ждал два часа, прежде чем ее вызвали для дачи показаний. to call (as) witness ≈ вызывать (в качестве) свидетеля to call the defendant ≈ вызывать ответчика в суд to call the plaintiff ≈ вызывать истца в суд to call in evidence ≈ вызывать в суд для дачи показаний в) перен. призывать в 'лучший' мир All the doctors can't save him. He's called. ≈ Ни один врач не сможет спасти его. Он обречен. г) охот. приманивать( птиц или животных специальными звуками) д) вызывать (воспоминание, образ и т. п.) ;
обращать (внимание) to call to mind, memory, remembrance ≈ припомнить, вспомнить to call smb.'s attention to smth. ≈ обращать чье-л. внимание на что-л. е) вызывать (актера) на сцену;
объявлять (о начале какой-л. части представления) He was called for the last act. ≈ Ему объявили, чтобы он был готов к последнему действию.
5) будить It's too early to call him. ≈ Еще рано его будить.
6) собирать, созывать (собрание и т. п.) A meeting has been called for Monday. ≈ Собрание было назначено на понедельник. to call an election ≈ назначить выборы to call the Parliament ≈ созывать парламент Syn: convene, convoke, summon
7) пригласить на должность пастора (пресвитерианской или нонконформистской церкви)
8) а) заходить, навещать, наносить визит to call at a house ≈ зайти в дом to call (up) on a person ≈ навестить кого-л. Have many visitors called to-day? ≈ Сколько сегодня заходило посетителей? б) заходить (в порт - о корабле) ;
останавливаться, делать краткую остановку (о поезде, автобусе и т. п.) The steamer calls at several ports along the way. ≈ По пути пароход заходит в несколько портов.
9) называть;
давать имя What is this flower called? ≈ Как называется этот цветок? What do you call this in English? ≈ Как это по-английски? He is called Tom. ≈ Его зовут Томом. The speech was interrupted by members of the Conservative Party, who called him a traitor. ≈ Речь была прервана членами партии консерваторов, которые назвали его предателем. He was called after his father. ≈ Его нарекли в честь отца. to call things by their proper names ≈ называть вещи своими именами to call names ≈ оскорблять, обзывать кого-л. Syn: name
2.
10) считать, полагать I call this a good house. ≈ Я нахожу, что это хороший дом. Do you call English an easy language? ≈ И вы считаете английский язык легким? I call that a shame. ≈ По-моему, это возмутительно. They call it ten miles. ≈ Считается, что здесь десять миль. He calls him his son. ≈ Он считает его своим сыном;
он относится к нему как к родному сыну. The results of the conference are called satisfactory. ≈ Считают, что конференция дала положительные результаты. Syn: reckon, consider ∙ call about call at call away call back call by call down call down on call for call forth call in call into call off call upon call out call over call round call to call together call up to call smb. over the coals ≈ ругать кого-л., делать кому-л. выговор you will be called over the coals for your conduct ≈ вам достанется /попадет/ за ваше поведение to have nothing to call one's own ≈ ничего не иметь, быть без средств deep calls unto deep библ. ≈ бездна бездну призывает to call into action ≈ приводить в действие to call into existence ≈ вызывать к жизни, создавать;
осуществлять;
приводить в действие to call off all bets ≈ умереть To Be Called For ≈ До востребования (надпись на конверте) крик - loud * громкий выкрик - * for help крик о помощи крик, голос (животного, птицы) - the * of the cuckoo крик кукушки - the * of the nightingale пение соловья зов;
оклик - within * поблизости, рядом, неподалеку;
в пределах слышимости - to be within * быть рядом;
быть при ком-л. (для выполнения поручения и т. п.) - out of * далеко;
вне пределов слышимости сигнал;
звонок;
свисток;
"дудка" (на корабле) ;
сбор (барабанный) - radio *, * sign /signal/ (радиотехника) позывной сигнал - distress * сигнал бедствия - * letters( радиотехника) позывные - * to quarters( военное) сигнал повестки (охота) манок, вабик( для приманки птиц) перекличка - * of the House перекличка (в алфавитном порядке) членов палаты общин (в Великобритании) или членов палаты представителей (в США) - * of the States (американизм) перекличка (в алфавитном порядке) штатов при голосовании на съезде партии призыв - a * for peaceful coexistence призыв к мирному сосуществованию - he answered the * of the country он откликнулся на призыв родины - * to arms призыв к оружию;
призыв под знамена вызов (в суд и т. п.) ;
(официальное) приглашение на работу, должность и т. п. - to issue a * to smb. to attend прислать кому-л. повестку о явке - to issue a * for a meeting to be held разослать извещение о том, что состоится собрание - he accepted the * to the chair of physics он принял предложение возглавить кафедру физики - * of the House вызов всех членов парламента (для голосования по важным вопросам) созыв (совещания и т. п.) (американизм) решение национального комитета партии о созыве съезда для выдвижения кандидатур телефонный вызов, звонок или разговор (тж. telephone *) - to make a * позвонить по телефону - to put a * through соединить( по телефону) - to take the * ответить на телефонный звонок;
взять трубку;
принять заказ, вызов и т7П. (по телефону) - he got /had, received/ a phone * ему позвонили (театроведение) вызов (аплодисментами на сцену) - to take a * выходить на аплодисменты, раскланиваться - she had nine *s ее вызывали девять раз, она девять раз выходила раскланиваться (театроведение) (американизм) прослушивание, репетиция( театроведение) объявление о времени репетиции зов;
тяга, влечение - the * of the wild зов природы - the * of nature( эвфмеизм) отправление естественных потребностей призвание - to feel a * to smth. чувствовать призвание /склонность/ к чему-л. визит, посещение;
приход - courtesy * визит вежливости - return * ответный визит - social * светский визит;
посещение знакомых;
(дипломатическое) протокольный визит - to make *s делать /наносить/ визиты - to pay a * нанести визит - to return smb. a * нанести кому-л. ответный визит - to receive a * принимать( гостя, посетителя) - to attend a professional * поехать на вызов - I have several *s to make мне нужно зайти в несколько мест заход (корабля в порт - place of * место захода остановка (поезда на станции) требование - at * наготове, к услугам, в (чьем-л.) распоряжении, под рукой - to be ready at * быть наготове /настороже/;
быть готовым сделать (что-л.) по первому требованию - on * по ребованию, по вызову - he has many *s on his money к нему постоянно обращаются за деньгами - I have too many *s on my time я слишком перегружен обязанностями, у меня совсем нет свободного времени - * of duty, at duty's * по долгу службы - merit beyond the * of duty проявленный героизм;
чувство долга (экономика) спрос (на товар) - to have the * пользоваться спросом( финансовое) (коммерческое) требование уплаты долга, очередного взноса и т. п. - on * на онкольном счете - loan at /on/ * money on * ссуда до востребования( военное) заявка, требование;
вызов - * for action боевая тревога;
призыв к действию /к борьбе/ - at /on/ * по вызову;
по требованию - * for men запрос на подкрепление в личном составе - * for fire вызов огня (своего) полномочие;
право - to have /to get/ a * upon smth. пользоваться( преимущественным) правом на что-л. - to have no * on smb. не иметь никаких прав на чью-л. помощь /поддержку/ - he had no * to do that он не имел права это делать нужда, необходимость - I don't know what * she had to blush so я не знаю, что заставило ее так покраснеть - there is no * for you to worry у вас нет никаких оснований тревожиться( биржевое) предварительная премия;
опцион;
сделка с предварительной премией (карточное) объявление (козырной масти) (церковное) предложение прихода, места пастора (компьютерное) вызов (подпрограммы), обращение( к подпрограмме) - recursive * рекурсивное обращение - subroutine * вызов подпрограммы, обращение к подпрограмме - * by pattern вызов по образцу > * to the bar присвоение звания барристера > a close * (американизм) опасное /рискованное/ положение;
на волосок от гибели > it was a close * еле-еле унес ноги, чудом спасся > as the *, so the echo (пословица) как аукнется, так и откликнется кричать, закричать - I thought I heard someone *ing мне показалось, что кто-то кричит - he *ed after her он крикнул ей вслед звать, позвать;
подозвать (тж. * over) ;
окликать - to * the waiter over подозвать официанта - he is in the next room, call him он в соседней комнате, позовите /кликните/ его - did you *? вы меня звали? - he *ed to her он крикнул ей /окликнул ее/ - the bell *ed to dinner звонок позвал к обеду будить;
разбудить - it's too early to * him еще рано его будить называть;
звать - what is this thing *ed? как называется этот предмет? - what do you * this flower? как называется этот цветок - what do you * this in English? как это по-английски? - she is *ed Mary ее зовут Мери - his name is Richard but everybody *s him Dick его имя Ричард, но все называют его Диком - he was *ed after his uncle его нарекли в честь дяди - to * things by their proper names называть вещи своими именами - to * smb. names оскорблять /обзывать/ кого-л. выкликать;
громко читать список и т. п. - when names were *ed во время переклички - to * a cause объявлять о слушании дела в (суде) созывать - to * meeting созвать собрание - to * Parliament созвать /собрать/ парламент вызвать;
звать (к себе), приглашать - to * a taxi вызвать такси - to * a doctor пригласить /вызвать/ врача - you will be the next *ed in следующим вызовут вас вызывать, давать сигнал, сигнализировать - the ship was * ing us by wireless судно вызывало нас по радио вызывать (откуда-л.;
тж. * out) - a shot *ed me out выстрел заставил меня выбежать из дома - the firebrigade was *ed out twice last night прошлой ночью пожарную команду вызывали два раза (юридическое) вызывать (в суд и т. п.) (on, upon, unto, to) призывать;
взывать, обращаться - to * on all honest people to support peace призывать всех честных людей отстаивать дело мира - to * to mind вспоминать, припоминать - I can't * her telephone number to mind я не могу вспомнить номер ее телефона - to * to order призвать к порядку - the chairman had to * the meeting to order председателю пришлось призвать собравшихся к порядку (американизм) открывать собрание - the meeting is *ed to order, I * the meeting to order объявляю собрание открытым - to * to witness ссылаться на кого-л.;
призывать кого-л. в свидетели;
(юридическое) вызывать /указывать/свидетеля - to * to account призывать к ответу;
привлечь к ответственности;
потребовать отчета /объяснений/ - to * to attention обращать (чье-л.) внимание на (что-л.) ;
(военное) дать команду "смирно" - to * to the gods взывать к богам - to * to penance( церковное) призывать к покаянию (on, upon) предоставлять слово;
вызывать на трибуну - the chairman *ed upon Mr. B. to speak председатель предоставил слово г-ну Б. - to speak without being *ed upon высказываться без приглашения или без предоставления слова (on,upon) вызывать учащегося ответить на вопрос преподавателя - the teacher always *ed on her first учитель всегда спрашивал ее первой (on, upon,to) pass быть призванным;
чувствовать призвание, потребность - to be * ed to smth. почувствовать призвание к чему-л. - he felt *ed upon to speak он счел необходимым выступить, он считал себя не вправе промолчать (on, upon, to) pass быть вынужденным объявлять;
оглашать - to * a strike объявлять забастовку - to * the banns огласить имена вступающих в брак, объявить о предстоящем бракосочетании - you * now (карточное) вам объявлять (масть и т. п.) (тж. * in, * by) (обыкн. in, at, on, round) навещать;
посещать, приходить в гости, с визитом;
заходить, заглядывать, завернуть( куда-л.) - I was out when he *ed когда он заходил, меня не было дома - * in this evening, if you can если можете, заходите сегодня вечером - I *ed on Mr. Smith at his office я посетил мистера Смита в его конторе - our new neighbours *ed at our hoese last week наши новые соседи приходили к нам /были у нас/ на прошлой неделе - the Ambassador *ed on the Foreign Minister посол нанес визит министру иностранных дел - * by (разговорное) заходить (ненадолго), заглядывать (к кому-л.) - I'll * by if you don't mind я зайду, если вы не возражаете - we are alone most of the time, very few people * by мы большей частью одни, у нас редко кто бывает (in, at) заходить (о корабле) - does this steamer * at Naples? этот пароход заходит в Неаполь? (in, at) останавливаться (о транспорте) - few trains * at A. редкий поезд останавливается в А. (for) заходить (за чем-л., кем-л.) - I'll * for you at six я зайду за вами в шесть( часов) - she will * for the parcel она зайдет за свертком - to be *ed for до востребования( надпись на письме) (громко) требовать - a man *ed for a glass of beer человек потребовал кружку пива - he *ed for help он позвал на помощь - the minister's resignation was *ed for by everybody все потребовали отставки министра требовать, нуждаться( в чем-л.) ;
предусматривать - your plan will * for a lot of money для осуществления вашего плана потребуется много денег - the occasion *s for quick action в данном случае требуется быстрота действий - the negotiations * for great tact переговоры требуют большого такта требоваться;
быть нужным, уместным - a correction is *ed for here тут требуется поправка - your remark was not *ed for ваше замечание было неуместно вызывать (актера) звонить или говорить по телефону - he *ed me from New York он позвонил мне (по телефону) из Нью-Йорка - we *ed them to say that... мы сообщили им по телефону, что... - did anyone *? мне кто-нибудь звонил? - to * back позвонить по телефону (в ответ на звонок) - I'll * you back я вам потом позвоню считать, рассматривать;
(пред) полагать - do you * English an easy langauge? и вы считаете английский язык легким? - I * this a very good house по-моему, это прекрасный дом - I * that a shame по-моему, это возмутительно - they * it ten miles считается, что здесь десять миль - he *s him his son он считает его своим сыном;
он относится к нему как к родному сыну - the results of the conference are *ed satisfactory считают, что конференция дала положительные результаты (шотландское) гнать (стадо, повозку и т. п.) ;
погонять, понукать( охота) вабить, приманивать птиц > to * in /into/ question, to * into doubt сомневаться, ставить под сомнение > to * into being создать, вызвать к жизни > the plant was *ed into being by war requirements завод был построен по военным соображениям > to * into play приводить в действие, пускать в ход > the case *ed every faculty of the doctor into play заболевание потребовало от врача напряжения всех его сил и способностей > it *s for a celebration! это (дело) надо отметить! > to * the score (спортивное) вести /объявлять/ счет > to * to the bar принимать (кого-л.) в корпорацию барристеров > to * in evidence вызывать в суд для дачи показаний > to * cousins набиваться в родственники > to * the tune /the play/ распоряжаться;
задавать тон > to * an election назначить выборы > to * it a day прекратить какое-л. дело > let's * it a day на сегодня хватит, пора кончать > to * it square удовлетвориться, примириться > to * off all bets (американизм) умереть > to * over the coals бранить, отчитывать > you will be *ed over the coals for your conduct вам достанется /попадет/ за ваше поведение > to * smb.'s bluff не позволить себя обмануть;
заставить( противника) раскрыть карты > deep *s unto deep (библеизм) бездна бездну призывает > to have nothing to * one's own не иметь гроша за душой;
ни кола ни двора ~ манок, дудка (птицелова) ;
call of duty чувство долга;
at call наготове, к услугам at ~ в распоряжении at ~ деньги до востребования at ~ к услугам at ~ наготове at ~ векс. по требованию attempted ~ пробный вызов authorized ~ вчт. разрешенный вызов authorized ~ вчт. санкционированный вызов bad ~ format вчт. неверный формат вызова to be called upon быть вынужденным call будить ~ взнос в оплату новых акций ~ визит, посещение;
to pay a call нанести визит ~ вчт. вызвать ~ вызов;
телефонный вызов;
one call was for me один раз вызывали меня ~ вчт. вызов ~ связь вызов ~ вызов в суд ~ вызывать, призывать;
созывать;
to call (smb.'s) attention (to smth.) обращать (чье-л.) внимание (на что-л.) ~ вчт. вызывать ~ связь вызывать ~ заход (парохода) в порт;
остановка (поезда) на станции ~ заходить, навещать;
to call at a house зайти в дом;
to call (up) on a person навестить (кого-л.) ~ звать;
окликать;
to call to one another перекликаться (друг с другом) ~ звонить по телефону ~ зов, оклик ~ крик (животного, птицы) ~ крик ~ манок, дудка (птицелова) ;
call of duty чувство долга;
at call наготове, к услугам ~ называть;
давать имя ~ называть ~ нужда, необходимость;
you have no call to blush вам нечего краснеть ~ нужда, необходимость ~ вчт. обращение ~ объявлять ~ опцион "колл" ~ перекличка ~ письменное обзятельство акционера ~ полномочие ~ посещать ~ право эмитента досрочно погасить ценные бумаги ~ приглашать ~ приглашение;
предложение (места, кафедры и т. п.) ~ призвание, влечение ~ призыв;
сигнал ~ призыв ~ распространять ~ сделка с премией ~ сигнал ~ считать;
I call this a good house я нахожу, что это хороший дом ~ телефонный вызов ~ телефонный звонок ~ требование;
спрос;
требование уплаты долга ~ требование ~ требование банка к заемщику о досрочном погашении кредита в связи с нарушением его условий ~ требовать ~ требовать уплаты ~ at останавливаться (где-л.) ~ заходить, навещать;
to call at a house зайти в дом;
to call (up) on a person навестить (кого-л.) ~ at a port заходить в порт ~ вызывать, призывать;
созывать;
to call (smb.'s) attention (to smth.) обращать (чье-л.) внимание (на что-л.) ~ away отзывать ~ back брать назад ~ back звать обратно ~ by name вчт. вызов по имени ~ by number вчт. вызов по номеру ~ by pattern вчт. вызов по образцу ~ by reference вчт. передача параметра по ссылке ~ by value вчт. передача параметра по значению ~ directing code вчт. код вызова ~ down навлекать ~ down оспаривать, отводить (довод и т. п.) ~ down порицать, делать выговор ~ for заходить (за кем-л.) ~ for обязывать ~ for предусматривать;
call forth вызывать, требовать;
this affair calls forth all his energy это дело потребует всей его энергии ~ for предусматривать ~ for требовать;
the situation called for drastic measures положение требовало принятия решительных мер;
letters to be called for письма до востребования ~ for требовать ~ for a vote ставить на голосование ~ for payment требовать оплаты ~ for redemption of loan требовать погашения ссуды ~ for repayment требовать погашения ~ for tenders требовать продажи с торгов ~ for предусматривать;
call forth вызывать, требовать;
this affair calls forth all his energy это дело потребует всей его энергии ~ in аннулировать ~ in вызывать ~ in выкупать ~ in изымать из обращения( денежные знаки) ~ in изымать из обращения ~ in инкассировать ~ in потребовать назад( долг) ~ in приглашать ~ in призывать на военную службу ~ in требовать возврата ~ in требовать уплаты ~ in aid обращаться за помощью ~ in preference shares изымать из обращения привилегированные акции ~ in preferred stocks изымать из обращения привилегированные акции to ~ in question подвергать сомнению question!: to call in ~ подвергать сомнению;
возражать;
требовать доказательств;
to make no question of не сомневаться;
вполне допускать ~ into: to ~ into existence( или being) вызывать к жизни, создавать;
осуществлять;
приводить в действие to ~ it a day прекратить (что-л.) ;
I'm tired, let's call it a day я устал, пора кончать day: to call it a ~ быть довольным достигнутыми результатами call it a ~ прекращать дело to call it a ~ считать дело законченным;
let us call it a day на сегодня хватит to ~ it square удовлетворяться, примиряться square: to call it ~ расквитаться, рассчитаться to ~ names ругать(-ся) name: name (обыкн. pl) брань;
to call names ругать(ся) ;
to take (smb.'s) name in vain клясться, божиться;
поминать имя всуе ~ манок, дудка (птицелова) ;
call of duty чувство долга;
at call наготове, к услугам ~ off отвлекать( внимание) ~ off отвлекать ~ off отзывать;
отменять;
прекращать;
откладывать, переносить;
the game was called off игру отложили ~ off отзывать ~ off отменять ~ on взывать, апеллировать ~ on звонить по телефону (кому-л.) ~ on приглашать высказаться;
the chairman called on the next speaker председатель предоставил слово следующему оратору ~ upon = call on on: call ~ апеллировать call ~ обращаться call ~ предоставлять слово call ~ призывать ~ on a case затребовать дело ~ заходить, навещать;
to call at a house зайти в дом;
to call (up) on a person навестить (кого-л.) ~ on shares требование об уплате взноса за акции ~ out вызывать;
to call out for training призывать на учебный сбор ~ out вызывать ~ out вызывать на дуэль ~ out выкрикивать;
кричать ~ out вызывать;
to call out for training призывать на учебный сбор ~ over делать перекличку to ~ (smb.) over the coals ругать (кого-л.), делать (кому-л.) выговор coal: ~ уголек;
to call (или to haul) over the coals делать выговор;
давать нагоняй ~ to: to ~ to account призвать к ответу;
потребовать объяснения;
to call to attention воен. скомандовать "смирно" ~ to: to ~ to account призвать к ответу;
потребовать объяснения;
to call to attention воен. скомандовать "смирно" to ~ to mind (или memory, remembrance) припомнить, вспомнить ~ звать;
окликать;
to call to one another перекликаться (друг с другом) to ~ to order открыть собрание to ~ to order призвать к порядку order: ~ порядок;
спокойствие;
to keep order соблюдать порядок;
to call to order призвать к порядку ;
order!, order! к порядку! ~ of the day мода, модное течение( в искусстве, литературе и т. п.) ;
to call to order амер. открыть (собрание) ;
on a point of order к порядку ведения собрания ~ to subroutine вчт. обращение к подпрограмме ~ to the bar предоставление права адвокатской практики ~ to the bar прием в адвокатуру ~ to the bar присвоение звания барристера ~ together созывать ~ up вызывать (по телефону) ~ up вызывать в памяти ~ up вызывать по телефону ~ up звать наверх ~ up вчт. звонить по телефону ~ up представлять на рассмотрение (законопроект и т. п.) ~ up призывать (на военную службу) ~ up призывать на военную службу ~ upon = call on upon: call ~ апеллировать call ~ обращаться call ~ предоставлять слово call ~ призывать call ~ чувствовать потребность ~ on приглашать высказаться;
the chairman called on the next speaker председатель предоставил слово следующему оратору cold ~ предложение сделки без предварительного представления продукции collect ~ связь оплаченный вызов conference ~ связь циркулярный вызов far ~ вчт. дальний вызов first ~ бирж. первый взнос first ~ бирж. требование первого взноса forward a ~ отправлять вызов function ~ вчт. вызов функции function ~ вчт. обращение к функции ~ off отзывать;
отменять;
прекращать;
откладывать, переносить;
the game was called off игру отложили graphic ~ вчт. графическое представление to have nothing to ~ one's own ничего не иметь, быть без средств;
= ни кола ни двора house ~ посещение на дому (например, визит врача на дом) ~ считать;
I call this a good house я нахожу, что это хороший дом to ~ it a day прекратить (что-л.) ;
I'm tired, let's call it a day я устал, пора кончать implied ~ вчт. неявное обращение interrupt ~ вчт. вызов по прерыванию interurban ~ междугородный телефонный вызов invalid ~ вчт. неверное обращение junction ~ тел. пригородный разговор to ~ it a day прекратить (что-л.) ;
I'm tired, let's call it a day я устал, пора кончать ~ for требовать;
the situation called for drastic measures положение требовало принятия решительных мер;
letters to be called for письма до востребования library ~ вчт. обращение к библиотеке load overlay ~ вчт. вызов загрузки перекрытия local ~ местный телефонный вызов long-distance ~ междугородный телефонный разговор lost ~ вчт. безуспешное обращение macro ~ вчт. макрокоманда margin ~ требование о внесении дополнительного обеспечения money at ~ онкольная ссуда money at ~ ссуда до востребования nested ~s вчт. вложенные вызовы nested macro ~ вчт. вложенный микровызов object ~ вчт. вызов объекта official ~ официальный звонок on ~ ком. на онкольном счете on ~ по требованию, по вызову ~ вызов;
телефонный вызов;
one call was for me один раз вызывали меня ~ визит, посещение;
to pay a call нанести визит procedure ~ вчт. вызов процедуры put and ~ бирж. двойной опцион put and ~ бирж. стеллажная сделка qualified ~ вчт. ограниченное обращение qualified ~ вчт. уточненный вызов recursive ~ вчт. рекурсивное обращение remote procedure ~ вчт. дистанционный вызов reversed charges ~ заранее оплаченный междугородный разговор roll ~ перекличка roll ~ поименное голосование share ~ проедложение делать заявку на покупку акций ~ for требовать;
the situation called for drastic measures положение требовало принятия решительных мер;
letters to be called for письма до востребования subroutine ~ вчт. вызов подпрограммы supervisor ~ вчт. обращение к супервизору supplementary ~ дополнительный заход в порт system ~ вчт. обращение к операционной системе system ~ вчт. системный вызов telephone ~ телефонный вызов telephone ~ телефонный звонок ~ for предусматривать;
call forth вызывать, требовать;
this affair calls forth all his energy это дело потребует всей его энергии ~ into: to ~ into existence (или being) вызывать к жизни, создавать;
осуществлять;
приводить в действие ~ to: to ~ to account призвать к ответу;
потребовать объяснения;
to call to attention воен. скомандовать "смирно" toll ~ амер. междугородный телефонный разговор toll ~ телефонный разговор с пригородом trunk ~ связь междугородный телефонный вызов unsuccessful ~ безуспешная попытка дозвониться value ~ вчт. вызов значения virtual ~ вчт. виртуальный вызов within ~ поблизости ~ нужда, необходимость;
you have no call to blush вам нечего краснеть

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > call
15 Knowledge

   1) To Exist Is to Be Perceived

   It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and, in a word, all sensible objects, have an existence, natural or real, distinct from their being perceived by the understanding. But, with how great an assurance and acquiescence soever this principle may be entertained in the world, yet whoever shall find in his heart to call it into question may, if I mistake not, perceive it to involve a manifest contradiction. For, what are the forementioned objects but things we perceive by sense? and what do we perceive besides our own ideas or sensations? and is it not plainly repugnant that any one of these, or any combination of them, should exist unperceived? (Berkeley, 1996, Pt. I, No. 4, p. 25)

   2) Abstract Science or Demonstration Is a More Perfect Species of Knowledge

   It seems to me that the only objects of the abstract sciences or of demonstration are quantity and number, and that all attempts to extend this more perfect species of knowledge beyond these bounds are mere sophistry and illusion. As the component parts of quantity and number are entirely similar, their relations become intricate and involved; and nothing can be more curious, as well as useful, than to trace, by a variety of mediums, their equality or inequality, through their different appearances.

   But as all other ideas are clearly distinct and different from each other, we can never advance farther, by our utmost scrutiny, than to observe this diversity, and, by an obvious reﬂection, pronounce one thing not to be another. Or if there be any difficulty in these decisions, it proceeds entirely from the undeterminate meaning of words, which is corrected by juster definitions. That the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the squares of the other two sides cannot be known, let the terms be ever so exactly defined, without a train of reasoning and enquiry. But to convince us of this proposition, that where there is no property, there can be no injustice, it is only necessary to define the terms, and explain injustice to be a violation of property. This proposition is, indeed, nothing but a more imperfect definition. It is the same case with all those pretended syllogistical reasonings, which may be found in every other branch of learning, except the sciences of quantity and number; and these may safely, I think, be pronounced the only proper objects of knowledge and demonstration. (Hume, 1975, Sec. 12, Pt. 3, pp. 163-165)

   3) Knowledge Derives from Two Fundamental Sources of the Mind

   Our knowledge springs from two fundamental sources of the mind; the first is the capacity of receiving representations (the ability to receive impressions), the second is the power to know an object through these representations (spontaneity in the production of concepts).

   Through the first, an object is given to us; through the second, the object is thought in relation to that representation.... Intuition and concepts constitute, therefore, the elements of all our knowledge, so that neither concepts without intuition in some way corresponding to them, nor intuition without concepts, can yield knowledge. Both may be either pure or empirical.... Pure intuitions or pure concepts are possible only a priori; empirical intuitions and empirical concepts only a posteriori. If the receptivity of our mind, its power of receiving representations in so far as it is in any way affected, is to be called "sensibility," then the mind's power of producing representations from itself, the spontaneity of knowledge, should be called "understanding." Our nature is so constituted that our intuitions can never be other than sensible; that is, it contains only the mode in which we are affected by objects. The faculty, on the other hand, which enables us to think the object of sensible intuition is the understanding.... Without sensibility, no object would be given to us; without understanding, no object would be thought. Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without concepts are blind. It is therefore just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is to bring them under concepts. These two powers or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise. (Kant, 1933, Sec. 1, Pt. 2, B74-75 [p. 92])

   4) The Means by Which Metaphysics Can Be Perfected as a Science

   Metaphysics, as a natural disposition of Reason is real, but it is also, in itself, dialectical and deceptive.... Hence to attempt to draw our principles from it, and in their employment to follow this natural but none the less fallacious illusion can never produce science, but only an empty dialectical art, in which one school may indeed outdo the other, but none can ever attain a justifiable and lasting success. In order that, as a science, it may lay claim not merely to deceptive persuasion, but to insight and conviction, a Critique of Reason must exhibit in a complete system the whole stock of conceptions a priori, arranged according to their different sources-the Sensibility, the understanding, and the Reason; it must present a complete table of these conceptions, together with their analysis and all that can be deduced from them, but more especially the possibility of synthetic knowledge a priori by means of their deduction, the principles of its use, and finally, its boundaries....

   This much is certain: he who has once tried criticism will be sickened for ever of all the dogmatic trash he was compelled to content himself with before, because his Reason, requiring something, could find nothing better for its occupation. Criticism stands to the ordinary school metaphysics exactly in the same relation as chemistry to alchemy, or as astron omy to fortune-telling astrology. I guarantee that no one who has comprehended and thought out the conclusions of criticism, even in these Prolegomena, will ever return to the old sophistical pseudo-science. He will rather look forward with a kind of pleasure to a metaphysics, certainly now within his power, which requires no more preparatory discoveries, and which alone can procure for reason permanent satisfaction. (Kant, 1891, pp. 115-116)

   5) Knowledge Is Only Real in the Form of System

   Knowledge is only real and can only be set forth fully in the form of science, in the form of system. Further, a so-called fundamental proposition or first principle of philosophy, even if it is true, it is yet none the less false, just because and in so far as it is merely a fundamental proposition, merely a first principle. It is for that reason easily refuted. The refutation consists in bringing out its defective character; and it is defective because it is merely the universal, merely a principle, the beginning. If the refutation is complete and thorough, it is derived and developed from the nature of the principle itself, and not accomplished by bringing in from elsewhere other counter-assurances and chance fancies. It would be strictly the development of the principle, and thus the completion of its deficiency, were it not that it misunderstands its own purport by taking account solely of the negative aspect of what it seeks to do, and is not conscious of the positive character of its process and result. The really positive working out of the beginning is at the same time just as much the very reverse: it is a negative attitude towards the principle we start from. Negative, that is to say, in its one-sided form, which consists in being primarily immediate, a mere purpose. It may therefore be regarded as a refutation of what constitutes the basis of the system; but more correctly it should be looked at as a demonstration that the basis or principle of the system is in point of fact merely its beginning. (Hegel, 1910, pp. 21-22)

   6) Knowledge, Action, and Evaluation Are Interconnected

   Knowledge, action, and evaluation are essentially connected. The primary and pervasive significance of knowledge lies in its guidance of action: knowing is for the sake of doing. And action, obviously, is rooted in evaluation. For a being which did not assign comparative values, deliberate action would be pointless; and for one which did not know, it would be impossible. Conversely, only an active being could have knowledge, and only such a being could assign values to anything beyond his own feelings. A creature which did not enter into the process of reality to alter in some part the future content of it, could apprehend a world only in the sense of intuitive or esthetic contemplation; and such contemplation would not possess the significance of knowledge but only that of enjoying and suffering. (Lewis, 1946, p. 1)

   7) The Evolution of Knowledge

   "Evolutionary epistemology" is a branch of scholarship that applies the evolutionary perspective to an understanding of how knowledge develops. Knowledge always involves getting information. The most primitive way of acquiring it is through the sense of touch: amoebas and other simple organisms know what happens around them only if they can feel it with their "skins." The knowledge such an organism can have is strictly about what is in its immediate vicinity. After a huge jump in evolution, organisms learned to find out what was going on at a distance from them, without having to actually feel the environment. This jump involved the development of sense organs for processing information that was farther away. For a long time, the most important sources of knowledge were the nose, the eyes, and the ears. The next big advance occurred when organisms developed memory. Now information no longer needed to be present at all, and the animal could recall events and outcomes that happened in the past. Each one of these steps in the evolution of knowledge added important survival advantages to the species that was equipped to use it.

   Then, with the appearance in evolution of humans, an entirely new way of acquiring information developed. Up to this point, the processing of information was entirely intrasomatic.... But when speech appeared (and even more powerfully with the invention of writing), information processing became extrasomatic. After that point knowledge did not have to be stored in the genes, or in the memory traces of the brain; it could be passed on from one person to another through words, or it could be written down and stored on a permanent substance like stone, paper, or silicon chips-in any case, outside the fragile and impermanent nervous system. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1993, pp. 56-57)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Knowledge
16 one

one [wʌn]

1. adjective

   a. (number) un, une

• I've got one brother and one sister j'ai un frère et une sœur

• she is one year old elle a un an

• one hundred and twenty cent vingt

• twenty-one cows vingt et une vaches

• it's one o'clock il est une heure

• one day un jour

• one hot summer afternoon she... par un chaud après-midi d'été, elle...

• that's one way of doing it c'est une façon de le faire

• one or two changes une ou deux modifications

► one... the other

• one girl was French, the other was Swiss une des filles était française, l'autre était suisse

• the sea is on one side, the mountains on the other d'un côté, il y a la mer, de l'autre les montagnes► one thing ( = something that)

one thing I'd like to know is where he got the money ce que j'aimerais savoir, c'est d'où lui vient l'argent

• if there's one thing I can't stand it's... s'il y a une chose que je ne supporte pas, c'est...► one person ( = somebody that)

one person I hate is Roy s'il y a quelqu'un que je déteste, c'est Roy

   b. ( = a single) un seul

• with one voice d'une seule voix

• the one man/woman who could do it le seul/la seule qui puisse le faire

► one and only

• my one and only pleasure mon seul et unique plaisir

• the one and only Charlie Chaplin! le seul, l'unique Charlot !

   c. ( = same) même

• they all went in the one car ils y sont tous allés dans la même voiture

• it's one and the same thing c'est la même chose

2. noun

un (e) m(f)

• one, two, three un, deux, trois

• twenty-one vingt et un

• one by one un par un

• chapter one chapitre un

• in ones and twos par petits groupes

• he's president and secretary all in one il est à la fois président et secrétaire général

• I for one don't believe it pour ma part, je ne le crois pas

• the crowd rose as one ils se sont tous levés comme un seul homme

• to get one up (inf) prendre l'avantage

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► When one is in contrast to others, it is translated by l'un(e).

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• one after the other l'un après l'autre

• you can't have one without the other on ne peut pas avoir l'un sans l'autre

► one of them ( = male) l'un d'eux ; ( = female) l'une d'entre elles ; ( = thing) l'un (e)

• he looked at his cards and discarded one of them il a regardé ses cartes et en a jeté une

• any one of them n'importe lequel (or laquelle)

3. pronoun

   a. un (e)

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► Note the use of en in French when one means one of these.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• would you like one? en voulez-vous un(e) ?

• he's one of my best friends c'est un de mes meilleurs amis

• she's one of my best friends c'est une de mes meilleures amies

• he's one of us il est des nôtres

• he's a teacher and wants me to be one too il est professeur et veux que je le devienne aussi

• the problem is one of money c'est une question d'argent

• he's not one to agree to that sort of thing il n'est pas du genre à accepter ce genre de choses

• I'm not much of a one for sweets (inf) je n'aime pas trop les bonbons

► adjective + one

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► one is not translated.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• that's a difficult one! ( = question) ça c'est difficile !

• he's a clever one c'est un malin

• the little ones les petits

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► The article and adjective in French are masculine or feminine, depending on the noun referred to.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

• I'd like a big one ( = glass) j'en voudrais un grand

• I'd like the big one ( = slice) je voudrais la grosse

► the one + clause, phrase

• the one who or that... celui qui (or celle qui)...

• the one on the floor celui (or celle) qui est par terre

• he's the one with brown hair c'est celui qui a les cheveux bruns

• is this the one you wanted? c'est bien celui-ci (or celle-ci) que vous vouliez ?► one another l'un (e) l'autre

• separated from one another séparé(e)s l'un(e) de l'autre

• they love one another ils s'aiment

• we write to one another often nous nous écrivons souvent

   b. (impersonal subject) on

• one never knows on ne sait jamais

• shares can bring one an additional income on peut compléter ses revenus avec des actions

4. compounds

► one-armed bandit (inf) noun machine f à sous

► one-day adjective [seminar, course] d'une journée

► one-dimensional adjective unidimensionnel ; [character] carré

► one-handed adverb d'une (seule) main

► one-legged adjective unijambiste

► one-liner noun ( = joke) bon mot m

► one-man adjective [business] individuel ; [canoe] monoplace

► one-man band noun homme-orchestre m

• his company is a one-man band (inf) il fait marcher l'affaire tout seul ► one-man show noun [of performer] spectacle m solo, one-man show m

► one-night stand noun (sex) liaison f sans lendemain

► one-off (inf) (British) adjective unique noun

• it's a one-off (object) il n'y en a qu'un comme ça ; (event) ça ne va pas se reproduire ► one-on-one, one-one (US) adjective= one-to-one

► one-parent family noun famille f monoparentale

► one-party system noun système m à parti unique

► one-piece swimsuit maillot m une pièce

► one-shot (inf) adjective

(US) = one-off

► one-sided adjective [decision] unilatéral ; [contest, game] inégal ; [judgement, account] partial

► one-size adjective taille unique inv

► one-time adjective ancien before n

► one-to-one, one-on-one, one-one (US) adjective [conversation] en tête-à-tête ; [training, counselling] individuel

• to have a one-to-one meeting with sb voir qn en tête-à-tête

• one-to-one tuition leçons fpl particulières ► one-track adjective

• to have a one-track mind n'avoir qu'une idée en tête ► one-upmanship (inf) noun art m de faire mieux que les autres

► one-way adjective [street] à sens unique ; [friendship] non partagé

• one-way trip aller m simple

• a one-way ticket un aller simple

• it's a one-way ticket to disaster (inf) c'est la catastrophe assurée ► one-woman adjective [business] individuel

* * *

Note: When one is used as a personal pronoun it is translated by on when it is the subject of the verb: one never knows = on ne sait jamais. When one is the object of the verb or comes after a preposition it is usually translated by vous: it can make one ill = cela peut vous rendre malade

For more examples and all other uses, see the entry below
[wʌn] 1.
determiner

1) ( single) un/une

to raise one hand — lever la main

no one person can do it alone — personne ne peut faire cela tout seul

2) (unique, sole) seul

she's the one person who can help — c'est la seule personne qui puisse nous aider

the one and only Edith Piaf — l'incomparable Edith Piaf

she's one fine artist — US c'est une très grande artiste

3) ( same) même

at one and the same time — en même temps

one and the same thing — exactement la même chose

to be of one mind — être d'accord

it's all one to me — ça m'est égal

4) ( for emphasis)

one Simon Richard — un certain Simon Richard
2.
pronoun

1) ( indefinite) un/une m/f

can you lend me one? — tu peux m'en prêter un/une?

every one of them — tous/toutes sans exception (+ v pl)

she's one of us — elle est des nôtres

2) ( impersonal) ( as subject) on; ( as object) vous

one would like to think that... — on aimerait penser que...

it can make one ill — cela peut vous rendre malade

3) ( referring to specific person)

the advice of one who knows — les conseils de quelqu'un qui s'y connaît

I'm not one for doing — ce n'est pas mon genre de faire

she's a clever one — elle est intelligente

you're a one! — (colloq) toi alors!

I for one think that... — pour ma part je crois que...

4) ( demonstrative)

the grey one — le gris/la grise

this one — celui-ci/celle-ci

which one? — lequel/laquelle?

that's the one — c'est celui-là/celle-là

he's the one who — c'est lui qui

5) ( in knitting)

knit one, purl one — une maille à l'endroit, une maille à l'envers

6) ( in currency)

one-fifty — ( in sterling) une livre cinquante; ( in dollars) un dollar cinquante

7) (colloq) ( drink)

he's had one too many — il a bu un coup (colloq) de trop

8) (colloq) ( joke)

have you heard the one about...? — est-ce que tu connais l'histoire de...?

9) (colloq) ( blow)

to land ou sock somebody one — en coller une à quelqu'un (colloq)

10) (colloq) (question, problem)

that's a tricky one — c'est une question difficile
3.
noun

1) ( number) un m; ( referring to feminine) une f

to throw a one — ( on dice) faire un un

one o'clock — une heure

to arrive in ones and twos — arriver par petits groupes

2) ( person)

her loved ones — ceux qui lui sont/étaient chers

the little ones — les petits
4.
as one adverbial phrase [rise] comme un seul homme; [shout, reply] tous ensemble
5.
one by one adverbial phrase [pick up, wash] un par un/une par une

••

to down a drink in one — boire un verre cul sec (colloq)

you've got it in one — tu as trouvé tout de suite

to be one up on somebody — (colloq) avoir un avantage sur quelqu'un

to go one better than somebody — faire mieux que quelqu'un

to have a thousand ou million and one things to do — avoir un tas de choses à faire

English-French dictionary > one
17 actuating member
исполнительный элемент
Часть, которую тянут, на которую нажимают, которую поворачивают или перемещают иным образом, чтобы изменить положение контактов выключателя.
[< size="2"> ГОСТ Р 51324. 1-2005 ( МЭК 60669-1: 2000)]

EN

actuating member
a part which is pulled, pushed, turned or otherwise moved to cause an operation of the switch
[IEV number 442-04-14]

FR

organe de manoeuvre
partie qui est tirée, poussée, tournée ou manipulée de toute autre façon pour provoquer le fonctionnement de l'interrupteur
[IEV number 442-04-14]

Тематики
- выключатель, переключатель
- изделие электроустановочное
EN
- actuating member
- rocker
DE
- Betätigungsglied
- Betätigungsorgan
FR
- organe de manoeuvre
орган управления
Часть ~~системы~~ аппарата управления, к которой прилагается извне усилие управления.
МЭК 60050(441-15-22).
Примечание. Орган управления может иметь форму рукоятки, ручки, нажимной кнопки, ролика, плунжера и т. п.
[ ГОСТ Р 50030. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60947-1-99)]

орган управления
Часть приводного механизма, к которой прикладывается внешняя сила воздействия.
Примечание - Орган управления может иметь форму ручки, кнопки, ролика, поршня и т.д.
[ ГОСТ Р 52726-2007]

орган управления
Часть системы привода, подвергаемая внешнему силовому воздействию.
Примечания
1. Орган управления может иметь форму ручки, рукоятки, нажимной кнопки, ролика, плунжера и т.д.
2. Есть несколько способов приведения в действие, которые не требуют внешнего силового воздействия, а только какого-либо действия.
[ГОСТ ЕН 1070-2003]

орган управления
Часть системы управления, которая предназначена непосредственно для воздействия оператором, например путем нажатия.
[ГОСТ Р ЕН 614-1-2003]

орган управления
Часть системы приведения в действие, которая принимает воздействие человека.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60447-2000]

орган управления
Часть системы приведения в действие, которая воспринимает воздействие человека (ГОСТ Р МЭК 60447).
Примечание
В настоящем стандарте орган управления в виде интерактивного экранного устройства отображения является частью этого устройства, которое представляет функцию органа управления.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60073-2000]

орган управления
Часть механизма прибора управления, на который оказывается вручную внешнее силовое воздействие.
Примечание.
Орган управления может иметь форму ручки, рукоятки, кнопки, ролика, плунжера и т.д.
Некоторые органы управления не требуют воздействия внешней силы, а только какого-либо действия.
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60204-1-2007]

органы управления
Ручки, переключатели, потенциометры и другие органы, служащие для включения и регулировки аппаратуры. Термин относится преимущественно к аналоговым приборам.
[Система неразрушающего контроля. Виды (методы) и технология неразрушающего контроля. Термины и определения (справочное пособие). Москва 2003 г.]

орган управления
-
[IEV number 442-04-14]

средства оперирования
-
[Интент]

EN

actuator
the part of the actuating system to which an external actuating force is applied
NOTE – The actuator may take the form of a handle, knob, push-button, roller, plunger, etc.
[IEV number 441-15-22]

actuator
part of a device to which an external manual action is to be applied
NOTE 1 The actuator may take the form of a handle, knob, push-button, roller, plunger, etc.
NOTE 2 There are some actuating means that do not require an external actuating force, but only an action.
NOTE 3 See also 3.34.
[IEC 60204-1 -2005]

actuating member
a part which is pulled, pushed, turned or otherwise moved to cause an operation of the switch
[IEV number 442-04-14]

FR

organe de commande
partie du mécanisme transmetteur à laquelle un effort extérieur de manoeuvre est appliqué
NOTE – L'organe de commande peut prendre la forme d'une poignée, d'un bouton, d'un bouton-poussoir, d'une roulette, d'un plongeur, etc.
[IEV number 441-15-22]

organe de manoeuvre
partie qui est tirée, poussée, tournée ou manipulée de toute autre façon pour provoquer le fonctionnement de l'interrupteur
[IEV number 442-04-14]

Аппарат должен оставаться механически действующим. Не допускается сваривание контактов, препятствующее операции размыкания при использовании нормальных средств оперирования.
[ГОСТ Р 50030.3-99 (МЭК 60947-3-99) ]

ВДТ следует оперировать как при нормальной эксплуатации. Операции размыкания должны проводиться в следующем порядке:
для первых 1000 циклов — с использованием ручных средств оперирования;...
[ ГОСТ Р 51326. 1-99 ( МЭК 61008-1-96)]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

The operating means (for example, a handle) of the supply disconnecting device shall be easily accessible and located between 0,6 m and 1,9 m above the servicing level.
[IEC 60204-1-2006]

Органы управления, например, рукоятки аппаратов отключения питания, должны быть легко доступны и располагаться на высоте от 0,6 до 1,9 м от рабочей площадки.
[Перевод Интент]

Where the external operating means is not intended for emergency operations, it is recommended that it be coloured BLACK or GREY.
[IEC 60204-1-2006]

Если внешние средства оперирования не предназначены для выполнения действий при возникновении аварийных ситуаций, то рекомендуется, применять такие средства ЧЕРНОГО или СЕРОГО цвета.
[Перевод Интент]

1.2.2. Control devices

Control devices must be:
— clearly visible and identifiable and appropriately marked where necessary,
— positioned for safe operation without hesitation or loss of time, and without ambiguity,
— designed so that the movement of the control is consistent with its effect,
— located outside the danger zones, except for certain controls where necessary, such as emergency stop, console for training of robots,
— positioned so that their operation cannot cause additional risk,
— designed or protected so that the desired effect, where a risk is involved, cannot occur without an intentional operation,
— made so as to withstand foreseeable strain; particular attention must be paid to emergency stop devices liable to be subjected to considerable strain.

1.2.2. Органы управления

Органы управления должны быть:
- четко видны, хорошо различимы и, где это необходимо, иметь соответствующее обозначение;
- расположены так, чтобы ими можно было пользоваться без возникновения сомнений и потерь времени на выяснение их назначения;
- сконструированы так, чтобы перемещение органа управления согласовывалось с их воздействием;
- расположены вне опасных зон; исключение, где это необходимо, делается для определенных средств управления, таких, как средство экстренной остановки, пульт управления роботом;
- расположены так, чтобы их использование не вызывало дополнительных рисков;
- сконструированы или защищены так, чтобы в случаях, где возможно возникновение рисков, они не могли бы возникнуть без выполнения намеренных действий;
- сделаны так, чтобы выдерживать предполагаемую нагрузку; при этом особое внимание уделяется органам аварийного останова, которые могут подвергаться значительным нагрузкам.

Where a control is designed and constructed to perform several different actions, namely where there is no one-to-one correspondence (e.g. keyboards, etc.), the action to be performed must be clearly displayed and subject to confirmation where necessary.

Если орган управления предназначен для выполнения разных действий, например, если в качестве органа управления используется клавиатура или аналогичное устройство, то должна выводиться четкая информация о предстоящем действии, и, если необходимо, должно выполняться подтверждение на выполнение такого действия.

Controls must be so arranged that their layout, travel and resistance to operation are compatible with the action to be performed, taking account of ergonomic principles.

Органы управления должны быть организованы таким образом, чтобы их расположение, перемещение их элементов и усилие, которое оператор затрачивает на их перемещение, соответствовали выполняемым операциям и принципам эргономики.

Constraints due to the necessary or foreseeable use of personal protection equipment (such as footwear, gloves, etc.) must be taken into account.

Необходимо учитывать скованность движений операторов при использовании необходимых или предусмотренных средств индивидуальной защиты (таких, как специальная обувь, перчатки и др.).

Machinery must be fitted with indicators (dials, signals, etc.) as required for safe operation. The operator must be able to read them from the control position.

Для обеспечения безопасной эксплуатации машинное оборудование должно быть оснащено индикаторами (циферблатами, устройствами сигнализации и т. д.). Оператор должен иметь возможность считывать их с места управления.

From the main control position the operator must be able to ensure that there are no exposed persons in the danger zones.

Находясь в главном пункте управления, оператор должен иметь возможность контролировать отсутствие незащищенных лиц.

If this is impossible, the control system must be designed and constructed so that an acoustic and/ or visual warning signal is given whenever the machinery is about to start.

Если это невозможно, то система управления должна быть разработана и изготовлена так, чтобы перед каждым пуском машинного оборудования подавался звуковой и/или световой предупредительный сигнал.

The exposed person must have the time and the means to take rapid action to prevent the machinery starting up.

[DIRECTIVE 98/37/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL]

Незащищенное лицо должно иметь достаточно времени и средств для быстрого предотвращения пуска машинного оборудования.

[Перевод Интент]

Тематики
- автоматизация, основные понятия
- аппарат, изделие, устройство...
- безопасность машин и труда в целом
- выключатель автоматический
- выключатель, переключатель
- высоковольтный аппарат, оборудование...
- электробезопасность
- электротехника, основные понятия
Синонимы
- средства оперирования
EN
DE
FR
- organe de commande
- organe de manoeuvre
3.21 исполнительный элемент (actuating member): Часть, которую тянут, на которую нажимают, которую поворачивают или перемещают иным образом, чтобы изменить положение контактов выключателя.

Источник: ГОСТ Р 51324.1-2005: Выключатели для бытовых и аналогичных стационарных электрических установок. Часть 1. Общие требования и методы испытаний оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > actuating member
18 slip

I
1. slip past tense, past participle - slipped; verb
1) (to slide accidentally and lose one's balance or footing: I slipped and fell on the path.) resbalar

2) (to slide, or drop, out of the right position or out of control: The plate slipped out of my grasp.) resbalar

3) (to drop in standard: I'm sorry about my mistake - I must be slipping!) decaer, empeorar

4) (to move quietly especially without being noticed: She slipped out of the room.) escabullirse, escurrirse

5) (to escape from: The dog had slipped its lead and disappeared.) soltarse, escaparse

6) (to put or pass (something) with a quick, light movement: She slipped the letter back in its envelope.) pasar, deslizar

2. noun
1) (an act of slipping: Her sprained ankle was a result of a slip on the path.) resbalón, traspiés, tropezón

2) (a usually small mistake: Everyone makes the occasional slip.) desliz

3) (a kind of undergarment worn under a dress; a petticoat.) combinación

4) ((also slipway) a sloping platform next to water used for building and launching ships.) rampa

•

- slipper
- slippery
- slipperiness
- slip road
- slipshod
- give someone the slip
- give the slip
- let slip
- slip into
- slip off
- slip on
- slip up
II slip noun
(a strip or narrow piece of paper: She wrote down his telephone number on a slip of paper.) papelito, trocito de papel

slip¹ n

1. desliz / error

he made a few slips cometió algunos errores

2. combinación

my mother wears a slip mi madre lleva combinación

a slip of paper un papelito

slip² vb

1. resbalarse / escurrirse

I slipped on the soap and fell me resbalé con el jabón y me caí

2. escurrirse / escabullirse

the plate slipped from his hands el plato se le escurrió de entre las manos

3. pasar / meter / deslizar

he slipped the key into the lock metió la llave en la cerradura

to slip your mind olvidarse / irse de la cabeza

El pasado y participio pasado de slip se escribe slipped; el gerundio se escribe slipping

slip /(e)s'lip/ (pl
◊ slips) sustantivo masculino
1 ( prenda interior)
a) ( de hombre) underpants (pl), pants (pl) (BrE)

b) ( de mujer) panties (pl), knickers (pl) (BrE)
2 ( bañador) swimming trunks (pl)
slip sustantivo masculino (calzoncillo corto) pants, briefs ' slip' also found in these entries: Spanish: colar - colarse - columpiarse - combinación - deslizar - desliz - despiste - escabullirse - escapar - escurrirse - esquinazo - formularia - formulario - lapso - lapsus - patinar - resbalar - resbalarse - resbalón - traspié - tropezón - amarradero - boleta - derrapar - descuido - desmarcarse - escurrir - fondo - mano - papeleta - patinazo - resbalada - resguardo - tique - tropiezo - vale - volante English: paying-in-slip - slip - slip away - slip back - slip down - slip in - slip into - slip off - slip on - slip out - slip past - slip up - slip-road - slip-up - wage slip - briefs - cost - lapse - pay - petticoat - pillow - quietly - sales

slip

tr[slɪp]

noun

1 (of paper) papelito, trocito de papel

2 SMALLBOTANY/SMALL (cutting) esqueje nombre masculino

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

slip of a girl chiquilla

————————

slip

tr[slɪp]

noun

1 (slide) resbalón nombre masculino; (trip) traspiés nombre masculino, tropezón nombre masculino

2 (mistake) error nombre masculino, equivocación nombre femenino; (moral) desliz nombre masculino

3 (women's underskirt) combinación nombre femenino; (petticoat) enaguas nombre femenino plural

intransitive verb

1 (slide) resbalar; (fall, get away, escape) caer

■ my foot slipped se me fue el pie

■ she slipped on the ice resbaló en el hielo

■ this bag keeps slipping off my shoulder este bolso se me cae del hombro

■ the ball slipped through his fingers la pelota le resbaló de las manos

2 SMALLAUTOMOBILES/SMALL (clutch, tyre) patinar

3 (move - quickly) ir de prisa; (- secretly) escabullirse

■ he slipped out when no-one was looking se escabulló cuando no miraba nadie

■ she's just slipped out for a minute ha salido un momento

4 (decline) decaer, empeorar

transitive verb

1 (pass, give, put) pasar, deslizar, dar a escondidas

■ he slipped the doorman a fiver deslizó en la mano del portero un billete de cinco libras

■ she slipped the note into her bag disimuladamente metió la nota en el bolso

2 (overlook, forget) escaparse

■ it completely slipped my mind se me olvidó por completo

■ in case it slipped your notice por si se te ha pasado por alto

3 (get free from) soltarse de

■ the dog slipped its leash el perro se soltó de la correa

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

a slip of the pen un lapsus

a slip of the tongue un lapsus linguae

there's many a slip 'twixt the cup and the lip del dicho al hecho hay mucho trecho

to be slipping estar perdiendo facultades, no ser lo que uno era antes

to give somebody the slip dar esquinazo a alguien

to let an opportunity slip through one's fingers dejar escapar una oportunidad

to let something slip escapársele algo a uno

to slip a disc dislocarse una vértebra

to slip anchor levar anclas

slipped disc vértebra dislocada

slip road pista de aceleración

slip ['slɪp] v, slipped ; slipping vi

1) steal: ir sigilosamente

to slip away: escabullirse

to slip out the door: escaparse por la puerta

2) slide: resbalarse, deslizarse

3) lapse: caer

to slip into error: equivocarse

4)

to let slip : dejar escapar

5)

to slip into put on: ponerse

slip vt

1) put: meter, poner

2) pass: pasar

she slipped me a note: me pasó una nota

3)

to slip one's mind : olvidársele a uno

slip n

1) pier: atracadero m

2) mishap: percance m, contratiempo m

3) mistake: error m, desliz m

a slip of the tongue: un lapsus

4) petticoat: enagua f

5) : injerto m, esqueje m (de una planta)

6)

slip of paper : papelito m

slip (Clothing)

n.

• combinación s.f.

• enaguas s.f.pl.

n.

• desbarro s.m.

• descuido s.m.

• desliz s.f.

• desplazamiento s.m.

• dislocación s.f.

• equivocación s.f.

• inadvertencia s.f.

• lapso s.m.

• lapsus s.m.

• pifia s.f.

• renuncio s.m.

• resbalón s.m.

• tira s.f.

• traspiés s.m.

• tropezón s.m.

v.

• deslizar v.

• desvarar v.

• dislocarse un hueso v.

• escurrir v.

• escurrirse v.

• esquejar v.

• huir v.

• patinar v.

• resbalar v.

slɪp
I

noun

1) ( slide) resbalón m, resbalada f (AmL)

to give somebody the slip — (colloq) lograr zafarse de algn

2) ( mistake) error m, equivocación f

a slip of the tongue/pen — un lapsus (linguae/cálami)

there's many a slip twixt cup and lip — del dicho al hecho hay mucho trecho

3) ( of paper)

a slip of paper — un papelito, un papel; deposit II 1) a)

4) ( undergarment) combinación f, enagua f, viso m, fondo m (Méx)

5) ( of person)

a slip of a girl — una chiquilla, una chiquilina (AmL)

II
1.

- pp- intransitive verb

1)

a) (slide, shift position) \<\<person\>\> resbalar(se); \<\<clutch\>\> patinar

the knife slipped and he cut himself — se le fue el cuchillo y se cortó

it just slipped out of my hands — se me resbaló de las manos

b) \<\<standards/service\>\> decaer*, empeorar

you're slipping — tu trabajo (or aplicación etc) ya no es lo que era

2)

a) ( move unobtrusively) (+ adv compl)

he slipped into the room without being observed — entró en la habitación sin que lo vieran

we managed to slip past the guards — logramos pasar sin que nos vieran los guardias

b) (escape, be lost)

to let slip an opportunity to let an opportunity slip dejar escapar una oportunidad; they let the contract slip through their fingers se dejaron quitar el contrato de las manos; I didn't mean to say that: it just slipped out no quería decirlo, pero se me escapó or salió; I let (it) slip that... — se me escapó que...

c) ( go quickly)

he's just slipped out to the bank — ha salido un momento al banco

d) ( change)

I'll just slip into something more comfortable — me voy a poner algo más cómodo

2.

vt

1)

a) ( put unobtrusively) (+ adv compl) poner*, meter, deslizar*

she slipped a coin into his hand — le pasó disimuladamente una moneda

he slipped his arm around her waist — le pasó el brazo por la cintura

b) ( pass)

to slip something TO somebody — pasarle algo a alguien con disimulo

2)

a) ( break loose from)

don't let the dog slip its leash — no dejes que se suelte el perro

to slip somebody's mind o memory: it completely slipped my mind — me olvidé or se me olvidó por completo

b) ( in knitting) \<\<stitch\>\> pasar sin tejer

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- slip away

- slip by

- slip in

- slip off

- slip on

- slip past

- slip up

[slɪp]
1. N

1) (=slide) resbalón m

- give sb the slip

2) (=mistake) error m, equivocación f

I must have made a slip somewhere — debo de haberme equivocado en algo, debo de haber cometido un error en algún sitio

a slip of the pen/tongue — un lapsus calami/linguae

- there's many a slip 'twixt cup and lip
Freudian 3.
3) (=fall) bajada f

4) (=undergarment) combinación f, enagua † f; (full length) viso m; (=pillowcase) funda f

5) (=receipt) (in filing system) ficha f

I wrote the number on a slip of paper — escribí el número en un papelito or un trocito de papel
betting 2., deposit 3., pay 4., paying-in slip
6) (=landslide) corrimiento m de tierras, desprendimiento m

7) (Cricket) (usu pl) la posición posterior derecha del receptor (si el bateador es diestro) ocupada por los defensores de campo en un partido de críquet

8) slips
(Theat)
the slips — la galería

9) [of person]

a slip of a boy/girl — un chiquillo/una chiquilla

10) (in pottery) arcilla que se ha mezclado con agua hasta estar cremosa

11) (Bot) esqueje m

12) (Naut) grada f

2. VI

1) (=slide, shift) resbalar

she slipped and broke her ankle — (se) resbaló y se rompió el tobillo

my foot slipped — se me fue el pie

the knife slipped and I cut my hand — se me fue el cuchillo y me hice un corte en la mano

the glass slipped from her hand — el vaso se le fue or se le resbaló de la mano

the clutch slips — el embrague patina

the knot has slipped — el nudo se ha corrido

we let the game slip through our fingers — dejamos que el partido se nos escapara or se nos fuera de las manos

2) (=move quickly)

to slip into bed — meterse en la cama

he slipped into his bathrobe — se puso el albornoz

to slip out of a dress — quitarse un vestido

I soon slipped back into the routine — enseguida volví a adaptarme a la rutina

I slipped downstairs to fetch it — bajé a traerlo rápidamente

3) (=move imperceptibly) pasar desapercibido

he managed to slip through the enemy lines — consiguió pasar desapercibido por las líneas enemigas

he slipped out of the room while my back was turned — salió sigilosamente de la habitación mientras estaba de espaldas
net I, 1., 1)
4) (=decline) [shares, currency] bajar

shares slipped to 63p — las acciones bajaron a 63 peniques

to slip into a coma — caer en coma

you're slipping hum — estás decayendo

he soon slipped back into his old ways — al poco tiempo volvió a las andadas

5) (=become known)

he let (it) slip that he was a Democrat — dejó escapar que era demócrata

she let slip the names of the people involved — dejó escapar los nombres de las personas involucradas

3. VT

1) (=move quickly and smoothly) pasar, deslizar

he slipped an arm around her waist — le pasó or deslizó el brazo por la cintura

slip a knife round the edges of the tin — pasar un cuchillo por el borde del molde

I slipped a note under his door — deslicé or le pasé una nota por debajo de la puerta

to slip a coin into a slot — introducir una moneda en una ranura

2) (=move imperceptibly)

he slipped his hand into her bag — le metió disimuladamente la mano en el bolso

to slip sth to sb — pasarle disimuladamente algo a algn

he slipped the waiter a fiver — le pasó disimuladamente un billete de cinco libras al camarero

3) (=escape from)

the dog slipped its collar — el perro se soltó del collar

to slip anchor — levar anclas

one or two facts may have slipped my memory — puede que algún que otro dato se me haya olvidado

I meant to do it but it slipped my mind — lo quise hacer pero se me olvidó or se me pasó

the ship could slip its moorings — al barco podrían soltársele las amarras

4) (Med)

he's slipped a disc — tiene una hernia de disco

5) (Aut) [+ clutch] soltar

6) (Knitting) [+ stitch] pasar (sin hacer)

4.

CPD

slip road N — (on motorway) vía f de acceso

slip stitch N — (Knitting) punto m sin hacer

- slip away

- slip by

- slip down

- slip in

- slip off

- slip on

- slip out

- slip past

- slip up

* * *
[slɪp]
I

noun

1) ( slide) resbalón m, resbalada f (AmL)

to give somebody the slip — (colloq) lograr zafarse de algn

2) ( mistake) error m, equivocación f

a slip of the tongue/pen — un lapsus (linguae/cálami)

there's many a slip twixt cup and lip — del dicho al hecho hay mucho trecho

3) ( of paper)

a slip of paper — un papelito, un papel; deposit II 1) a)

4) ( undergarment) combinación f, enagua f, viso m, fondo m (Méx)

5) ( of person)

a slip of a girl — una chiquilla, una chiquilina (AmL)

II
1.

- pp- intransitive verb

1)

a) (slide, shift position) \<\<person\>\> resbalar(se); \<\<clutch\>\> patinar

the knife slipped and he cut himself — se le fue el cuchillo y se cortó

it just slipped out of my hands — se me resbaló de las manos

b) \<\<standards/service\>\> decaer*, empeorar

you're slipping — tu trabajo (or aplicación etc) ya no es lo que era

2)

a) ( move unobtrusively) (+ adv compl)

he slipped into the room without being observed — entró en la habitación sin que lo vieran

we managed to slip past the guards — logramos pasar sin que nos vieran los guardias

b) (escape, be lost)

to let slip an opportunity to let an opportunity slip dejar escapar una oportunidad; they let the contract slip through their fingers se dejaron quitar el contrato de las manos; I didn't mean to say that: it just slipped out no quería decirlo, pero se me escapó or salió; I let (it) slip that... — se me escapó que...

c) ( go quickly)

he's just slipped out to the bank — ha salido un momento al banco

d) ( change)

I'll just slip into something more comfortable — me voy a poner algo más cómodo

2.

vt

1)

a) ( put unobtrusively) (+ adv compl) poner*, meter, deslizar*

she slipped a coin into his hand — le pasó disimuladamente una moneda

he slipped his arm around her waist — le pasó el brazo por la cintura

b) ( pass)

to slip something TO somebody — pasarle algo a alguien con disimulo

2)

a) ( break loose from)

don't let the dog slip its leash — no dejes que se suelte el perro

to slip somebody's mind o memory: it completely slipped my mind — me olvidé or se me olvidó por completo

b) ( in knitting) \<\<stitch\>\> pasar sin tejer

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- slip away

- slip by

- slip in

- slip off

- slip on

- slip past

- slip up

English-spanish dictionary > slip
19 down

I
1.
adverb
1) (towards or in a low or lower position, level or state: He climbed down to the bottom of the ladder.) (hacia) abajo

2) (on or to the ground: The little boy fell down and cut his knee.) al suelo

3) (from earlier to later times: The recipe has been handed down in our family for years.) a través de los tiempos

4) (from a greater to a smaller size, amount etc: Prices have been going down steadily.) abajo

5) (towards or in a place thought of as being lower, especially southward or away from a centre: We went down from Glasgow to Bristol.) abajo

2. preposition
1) (in a lower position on: Their house is halfway down the hill.) abajo

2) (to a lower position on, by, through or along: Water poured down the drain.) hacia abajo

3) (along: The teacher's gaze travelled slowly down the line of children.) por

3. verb
(to finish (a drink) very quickly, especially in one gulp: He downed a pint of beer.) tragarse rápidamente

- downward
- downwards
- downward
- down-and-out
- down-at-heel
- downcast
- downfall
- downgrade
- downhearted
- downhill
- downhill racing
- downhill skiing
- down-in-the-mouth
- down payment
- downpour
- downright
4. adjective
He is a downright nuisance!) total

- downstairs
- downstream
- down-to-earth
- downtown
- downtown
- down-trodden
- be/go down with
- down on one's luck
- down tools
- down with
- get down to
- suit someone down to the ground
- suit down to the ground
II
noun
(small, soft feathers: a quilt filled with down.) plumón

- downie®
- downy

down adv prep abajo

don't look down! ¡no mires hacia abajo!

the boat went down the river el barco iba río abajo

fruit prices are down el precio de la fruta ha bajado

she walked down the road bajó la calle andando down también combina con muchos verbos. Aquí tienes algunos ejemplos

sit down siéntate

he put his books down on the table dejó sus libros en la mesa

he fell down the stairs and broke his leg cayó por la escalera y se rompió la pierna

down

tr[daʊn]

noun

1 (on bird) plumón nombre masculino; (on peach) pelusa; (on body, face) vello, pelusilla; (on upper lip) bozo, pelusilla

————————

down

tr[daʊn]

preposition

1 (to a lower level) (hacia) abajo

■ the car rolled down the hill el coche se fue rodando cuesta abajo

■ tears streamed down her face las lágrimas le corrían por la cara

■ he ran down the stairs corrió escaleras abajo

■ she ran her finger down the list recorrío la lista con el dedo

2 (at a lower level) abajo

■ can you see that cottage down below in the valley? ¿ves aquella casita allá abajo en el valle?

3 (along) por

■ cut it down the middle córtalo por la mitad

■ we drove down the coast condujimos por la costa

■ she walked down the street iba por la calle

4 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL familiar (to, in) a, en

■ we went down the pub fuimos al pub

5 (in time) a través de

■ down the ages a través de los tiempos

adverb

1 (to lower level) (hacia) abajo; (to the floor) al suelo; (to the ground) a tierra

■ he looked down at his feet miró a sus pies

■ why don't you go and lie down? ¿por qué no te echas?

■ the boy fell down el chico se cayó (al suelo)

■ she bent down to pick up the coin se agachó para recoger la moneda

■ the girl was knocked down la chica fue atropellada

■ the river flows down to the sea el río fluye hasta el mar

■ let's walk down instead of getting the lift bajemos a pie en vez de coger el ascensor

2 (at lower level) abajo

■ down here/there aquí/allí abajo

■ it's in the third drawer down está en el tercer cajón

■ she'll be down in a minute enseguida baja

3 (in or towards the south) a

■ we're moving down to Southampton nos mudamos a Southampton

4 (less - of price, quantity, volume, etc)

■ sales are down by 10% las ventas han bajado un diez por ciento

■ profits are down on last year's las ganancias han bajado desde el año pasado

■ they were two goals down after 10 minutes iban perdiendo por dos goles después de 10 minutos

■ turn the volume down baja el volumen

5 (on paper, in writing)

■ she wrote his phone number down apuntó su teléfono

■ put me down for the lottery apúntame para la lotería

6 (of money - to be paid at once in cash) al contado; (- out of pocket) menos

■ you have to pay 100 pounds down hay que pagar un depósito de cien libras

■ at the end I was a fiver down al final había perdido cinco libras

adjective

1 (to a lower level- escalator) de bajada; (- train) que va hacia las afueras

2 familiar (finished, dealt with) acabado,-a, hecho,-a

■ seven down, three to go! ¡he hecho siete, faltan tres!

3 (not in operation) no operativo,-a

■ the lines are down las líneas están cortadas

■ the system's down el sistema no funciona

4 familiar (depressed) deprimido,-a

■ she's feeling a bit down anda un poco deprimida

transitive verb

1 (knock over, force to ground) derribar, tumbar

2 familiar (drink) tragarse rápidamente, beberse rápidamente

■ he downed the glass in one se bebió la copa de un trago

interjection

1 (to dog) ¡quieto!

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

down to (as far as) hasta

down under (en) Australia

down with...! ¡abajo...!

to be down on somebody tenerle ojeriza a alguien

to be down to something quedar sólo algo

■ I'm down to my last pound no me queda más que una sola libra

to be down to somebody (responsibility) ser responsabilidad de 2 (fault) ser culpa de

■ it's all down to me now ya todo depende de mi

to be/come/go down with something SMALLMEDICINE/SMALL estar con algo

to down tools dejar de trabajar

to have a down on somebody tenerle ojeriza a alguien, tenerle manía a alguien

to keep food down retener comida

■ he can't keep any food down no puede retener nada de comida

to put something down dejar algo

■ can you put that book down for a second? ¿puedes dejar ese libro un momento?

to put the phone down colgar

■ she put the phone down on me me colgó

down ['daʊn] vt

1) fell: tumbar, derribar, abatir

2) defeat: derrotar

down adv

1) downward: hacia abajo

2)

to lie down : acostarse, echarse

3)

to put down (money) : pagar un depósito (de dinero)

4)

to sit down : sentarse

5)

to take down, to write down : apuntar, anotar

down adj

1) descending: de bajada

the down elevator: el ascensor de bajada

2) reduced: reducido, rebajado

attendance is down: la concurrencia ha disminuido

3) downcast: abatido, deprimido

down n

: plumón m

down prep

1) : (hacia) abajo

down the mountain: montaña abajo

I walked down the stairs: bajé por la escalera

2) along: por, a lo largo de

we ran down the beach: corrimos por la playa

3) : a través de

down the years: a través de los años

down

adj.

• acostado, -a adj.

• descendente adj.

• triste adj.

adv.

• abajo adv.

• bajo adv.

• hacia abajo adv.

n.

• borra s.f.

• plumón s.m.

• vello s.m.

prep.

• abajo de prep.

v.

• derrocar v.

I daʊn
adverb

1)

a) ( in downward direction)

to go down — bajar

to look down — mirar (hacia or para) abajo

I ran all the way down to the bottom — corrí hasta abajo

to help somebody down — ayudar a alguien a bajar

from the waist down — desde la cintura para abajo

down, boy! — abajo!

down with tyranny! — abajo la tiranía!

b) ( downstairs)

can you come down? — ¿puedes bajar?

2)

a) ( of position) abajo

down in the valley — abajo en el valle

two floors down — dos pisos más abajo

down here/there — aquí/allí (abajo)

down under — (colloq) en Australia

b) ( downstairs)

I'm down in the cellar — estoy aquí abajo, en el sótano

c) (lowered, pointing downward) bajado

with the blinds down — con las persianas bajadas

face down — boca abajo

d) ( in position)

the carpet isn't down yet — aún no han puesto or colocado la alfombra

e) ( prostrate)

I was down with flu all last week — estuve con gripe toda la semana pasada

3) (of numbers, volume, intensity)

with the volume down low — con el volumen al mínimo

my temperature is down to 38° C — la fiebre me ha bajado a 38° C

circulation is down — la circulación ha bajado

they were two goals down — iban perdiendo por dos goles

from the president down — desde el presidente para abajo

4)

a) (in, toward the south)

to go/come down south/to London — ir*/venir* al sur/a Londres

b) (at, to another place) (esp BrE)

down on the farm — en la granja

I'm going down to the library — voy a la biblioteca

5)

a) (dismantled, removed)

the room looks bare with the pictures down — la habitación queda desnuda sin los cuadros

once this wall is down — una vez que hayan derribado esta pared; see also burn, cut, fall down

b) ( out of action)

the telephone lines are down — las líneas de teléfono están cortadas

the system is down — ( Comput) el sistema no funciona

c) ( deflated)

one of your tires is down — tienes un neumático desinflado

6) ( in writing)

he's down for tomorrow at ten — está apuntado or anotado para mañana a las diez

she's down as unemployed — consta or figura como desempleada

7) ( hostile)

to be down on somebody — (colloq)

my teacher's down on me at the moment — la maestra me tiene ojeriza, la maestra la ha agarrado conmigo (AmL fam)

8) down to

a) ( as far as) hasta

from the roof down to the foundations — desde el tejado hasta los cimientos

right down to the present day — hasta nuestros días

b) ( reduced to)

we're down to our last tin of tomatoes — nos queda sólo una lata de tomates

c) ( to be done by)

the rest is down to you — el resto depende de ti

II

preposition

1)

a) ( in downward direction)

we ran down the slope — corrimos cuesta abajo

to come down the stairs — bajar por la escalera

it fell down a hole — se cayó por un agujero

you've spilled wine down your shirt — te has manchado la camisa de vino

b) ( at lower level)

halfway down the page — hacia la mitad de la página

2)

a) ( along)

we drove on down the coast/the Mississippi — seguimos por la costa/a lo largo del Misisipí

b) ( further along)

the library is just down the street — la biblioteca está un poco más allá or más adelante

c) (to, in) (BrE colloq)

I saw her down the pub yesterday — ayer la vi en el bar

3) ( through)

down the centuries — a través de los siglos

III

adjective

1) (before n) ( going downward)

the down escalator — la escalera mecánica de bajada or para bajar

2) ( depressed) (colloq) (pred) deprimido

IV

noun

1) u

a) ( on bird) plumón m

b) (on face, body) vello m, pelusilla f

c) (on plant, fruit) pelusa f

2) downs pl (esp BrE Geog) colinas fpl

V

transitive verb

a) ( drink) beberse or tomarse rápidamente

b) ( knock down) \<\<person\>\> tumbar, derribar

I [daʊn] When down is an element in a phrasal verb, eg back down, glance down, play down, look up the verb.
1. ADV

1) (physical movement) abajo, hacia abajo; (=to the ground) a tierra

there was snow all the way down to London — estuvo nevando todo el camino hasta Londres

• to fall down — caerse

• I ran all the way down — bajé toda la distancia corriendo

2) (static position) abajo; (=on the ground) por tierra, en tierra

to be down — (Aer) haber aterrizado, estar en tierra; [person] haber caído, estar en tierra

I'll be down in a minute — ahora bajo

he isn't down yet — (eg for breakfast) todavía no ha bajado

the blinds are down — están bajadas las persianas

the sun is down — el sol se ha puesto

• down below — allá abajo

• down by the river — abajo en la ribera

• down here — aquí (abajo)

• down on the shore — abajo en la playa

• down there — allí (abajo)

3) (Geog)

• he came down from Glasgow to London — ha bajado or venido de Glasgow a Londres

to be down from college — haber terminado el curso universitario

• he lives down South — vive en el sur

• down under — (Brit) * (=in Australia) en Australia; (=in New Zealand) en Nueva Zelanda

to go down under — (Brit) * (=to Australia) ir a Australia; (=to New Zealand) ir a Nueva Zelanda

4) (in writing)

write this down — apunta esto

you're down for the next race — estás inscrito para la próxima carrera

you're down for Tuesday — te hemos apuntado para el martes

5) (in volume, degree, status)

the tyres are down — los neumáticos están desinflados

his temperature is down — le ha bajado la temperatura

the price of meat is down — ha bajado el precio de la carne

England are two goals down — Inglaterra está perdiendo por dos tantos

I'm £20 down — he perdido 20 libras

• I'm down to my last cigarette — me queda un cigarrillo nada más

6) (indicating a series or succession)

from the year 1600 down to the present day — desde el año 1600 hasta el presente

from the biggest down to the smallest — desde el más grande hasta el más pequeño

7) (=ill)

I've been down with flu — he estado con gripe

8)

down to: it's down to him — (=due to, up to) le toca a él, le incumbe a él

it's all down to us now — ahora nosotros somos los únicos responsables

9) (as deposit)

to pay £50 down — pagar un depósito de 50 libras, hacer un desembolso inicial de 50 libras

10) (in exclamations)

down! — ¡abajo!; (to dog) ¡quieto!

down with traitors! — ¡abajo los traidores!

11) (=completed etc)

one down, five to go — uno en el bote y quedan cinco

12) (esp US)

to be down on sb — tener manía or inquina a algn *

2. PREP

1) (indicating movement)

he went down the hill — fue cuesta abajo

to go down the road — ir calle abajo

he's gone down the pub * — se ha ido al bar

looking down this road, you can see... — mirando carretera abajo, se ve...

he ran his finger down the list — pasó el dedo por la lista

the rain was running down the trunk — la lluvia corría por el tronco

2) (=at a lower point on)

he lives down the street (from us) — vive en esta calle, más abajo de nosotros

• down the ages — a través de los siglos

• face down — boca abajo

• down river — río abajo ( from de)

3. ADJ

1) (=depressed) deprimido

2) (=not functioning)

the computer is down — el ordenador no funciona

the power lines are down — los cables de alta tensión están cortados

the telephone lines are down — las líneas de teléfono están cortadas

3) (Brit) [train, line] de bajada

4. VT
*
1) [+ food] devorar; [+ drink] beberse (de un trago), tragarse

he downed a pint of beer — tragó una pinta de cerveza

2) [+ opponent] tirar al suelo, echar al suelo; [+ plane] derribar, abatir

- down tools

5.

N

to have a down on sb — (Brit) * tenerle manía or inquina a algn *

6.

CPD

down bow N — (Mus) descenso m de arco

down cycle N — (Econ) ciclo m de caída

down payment N — (Econ) (=initial payment) entrada f ; (=deposit) desembolso m inicial

II

[daʊn]
N (on bird) plumón m, flojel m ; (on face) bozo m ; (on body) vello m ; (on fruit) pelusa f ; (Bot) vilano m
III

[daʊn]
N (Geog) colina f
the Downs — (Brit) las Downs (colinas del sur de Inglaterra)

* * *

I [daʊn]
adverb

1)

a) ( in downward direction)

to go down — bajar

to look down — mirar (hacia or para) abajo

I ran all the way down to the bottom — corrí hasta abajo

to help somebody down — ayudar a alguien a bajar

from the waist down — desde la cintura para abajo

down, boy! — abajo!

down with tyranny! — abajo la tiranía!

b) ( downstairs)

can you come down? — ¿puedes bajar?

2)

a) ( of position) abajo

down in the valley — abajo en el valle

two floors down — dos pisos más abajo

down here/there — aquí/allí (abajo)

down under — (colloq) en Australia

b) ( downstairs)

I'm down in the cellar — estoy aquí abajo, en el sótano

c) (lowered, pointing downward) bajado

with the blinds down — con las persianas bajadas

face down — boca abajo

d) ( in position)

the carpet isn't down yet — aún no han puesto or colocado la alfombra

e) ( prostrate)

I was down with flu all last week — estuve con gripe toda la semana pasada

3) (of numbers, volume, intensity)

with the volume down low — con el volumen al mínimo

my temperature is down to 38° C — la fiebre me ha bajado a 38° C

circulation is down — la circulación ha bajado

they were two goals down — iban perdiendo por dos goles

from the president down — desde el presidente para abajo

4)

a) (in, toward the south)

to go/come down south/to London — ir*/venir* al sur/a Londres

b) (at, to another place) (esp BrE)

down on the farm — en la granja

I'm going down to the library — voy a la biblioteca

5)

a) (dismantled, removed)

the room looks bare with the pictures down — la habitación queda desnuda sin los cuadros

once this wall is down — una vez que hayan derribado esta pared; see also burn, cut, fall down

b) ( out of action)

the telephone lines are down — las líneas de teléfono están cortadas

the system is down — ( Comput) el sistema no funciona

c) ( deflated)

one of your tires is down — tienes un neumático desinflado

6) ( in writing)

he's down for tomorrow at ten — está apuntado or anotado para mañana a las diez

she's down as unemployed — consta or figura como desempleada

7) ( hostile)

to be down on somebody — (colloq)

my teacher's down on me at the moment — la maestra me tiene ojeriza, la maestra la ha agarrado conmigo (AmL fam)

8) down to

a) ( as far as) hasta

from the roof down to the foundations — desde el tejado hasta los cimientos

right down to the present day — hasta nuestros días

b) ( reduced to)

we're down to our last tin of tomatoes — nos queda sólo una lata de tomates

c) ( to be done by)

the rest is down to you — el resto depende de ti

II

preposition

1)

a) ( in downward direction)

we ran down the slope — corrimos cuesta abajo

to come down the stairs — bajar por la escalera

it fell down a hole — se cayó por un agujero

you've spilled wine down your shirt — te has manchado la camisa de vino

b) ( at lower level)

halfway down the page — hacia la mitad de la página

2)

a) ( along)

we drove on down the coast/the Mississippi — seguimos por la costa/a lo largo del Misisipí

b) ( further along)

the library is just down the street — la biblioteca está un poco más allá or más adelante

c) (to, in) (BrE colloq)

I saw her down the pub yesterday — ayer la vi en el bar

3) ( through)

down the centuries — a través de los siglos

III

adjective

1) (before n) ( going downward)

the down escalator — la escalera mecánica de bajada or para bajar

2) ( depressed) (colloq) (pred) deprimido

IV

noun

1) u

a) ( on bird) plumón m

b) (on face, body) vello m, pelusilla f

c) (on plant, fruit) pelusa f

2) downs pl (esp BrE Geog) colinas fpl

V

transitive verb

a) ( drink) beberse or tomarse rápidamente

b) ( knock down) \<\<person\>\> tumbar, derribar

English-spanish dictionary > down
20 place

pleis
1. noun
1) (a particular spot or area: a quiet place in the country; I spent my holiday in various different places.) sitio, lugar

2) (an empty space: There's a place for your books on this shelf.) sitio

3) (an area or building with a particular purpose: a market-place.) lugar, sitio, local

4) (a seat (in a theatre, train, at a table etc): He went to his place and sat down.) sitio, asiento

5) (a position in an order, series, queue etc: She got the first place in the competition; I lost my place in the queue.) lugar, puesto

6) (a person's position or level of importance in society etc: You must keep your secretary in her place.) sitio

7) (a point in the text of a book etc: The wind was blowing the pages of my book and I kept losing my place.) página, punto

8) (duty or right: It's not my place to tell him he's wrong.) función, papel, deber, obligación

9) (a job or position in a team, organization etc: He's got a place in the team; He's hoping for a place on the staff.) puesto, trabajo

10) (house; home: Come over to my place.) casa

11) ((often abbreviated to Pl. when written) a word used in the names of certain roads, streets or squares.) plaza

12) (a number or one of a series of numbers following a decimal point: Make the answer correct to four decimal places.) punto/espacio decimal

2. verb
1) (to put: He placed it on the table; He was placed in command of the army.) colocar, poner, situar

2) (to remember who a person is: I know I've seen her before, but I can't quite place her.) situar, recordar, identificar

•

- place-name
- go places
- in the first
- second place
- in place
- in place of
- out of place
- put oneself in someone else's place
- put someone in his place
- put in his place
- take place
- take the place of

place¹ n

1. lugar / sitio

we visited lots of places visitamos muchos sitios

2. sitio / plaza / asiento

there are two free places over there allí hay dos sitios libres

3. casa

he's got a little place on the coast tiene una casita en la costa

in place of en vez de

to take place tener lugar / ocurrir / celebrarse

where did the battle take place? ¿dónde tuvo lugar la batalla?

place² vb poner / colocar

he placed the gun on the table puso la pistola en la mesa

to place an order hacer un pedido

El gerundio de place se escribe placing

place

tr[pleɪs]

noun

1 (particular position, part) lugar nombre masculino, sitio

■ we visited lots of different places fuimos a muchos sitios diferentes

■ this looks like the place me parece que es aquí

2 (proper position) lugar nombre masculino, sitio; (suitable place) lugar nombre masculino adecuado, sitio adecuado

■ put the book back in its place devuelve el libro a su sitio

■ this isn't the place to discuss business éste no es el lugar más indicado para hablar de negocios

3 (building) lugar nombre masculino, sitio; (home) casa, piso

■ let's go to my place vamos a mi casa

4 (in book) página

■ I've lost my place he perdido la página

5 (seat) asiento, sitio; (at table) cubierto

■ can you save my place? ¿me guardas el sitio?

■ everybody go back to their places todo el mundo a su sitio

6 (position, role, rank) lugar nombre masculino; (duty) obligación nombre femenino

■ there will always be a place for you here siempre habrá un lugar para ti aquí

■ if I were in your place yo en tu lugar

■ it's not my place to tell you what to do yo no soy quién para decirte lo que tienes que hacer

7 (in race, contest) puesto, lugar nombre masculino, posición nombre femenino; (in queue) turno

■ our horse finished in last place nuestro caballo llegó el último

8 (job) puesto; (at university, on course) plaza; (on team) puesto

transitive verb

1 (put - gen) poner; (- carefully) colocar

■ she placed the vase on the shelf puso el florero en el estante

2 (find home, job for) colocar

3 (rank, class) poner, situar

4 (remember - face, person) recordar; (- tune, accent) identificar

■ I recognize his face, but I can't quite place him me suena su cara, pero no sé de qué

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

all over the place por todas partes, por todos lados

a place in the sun una posición destacada

in place en su sitio

in place of somebody / in somebody's place en el lugar de alguien

in the first place... en primer lugar...

out of place fuera de lugar

there's no place like home no hay nada como estar en casa

to be placed first «(second etc)» ocupar el primer (segundo etc) puesto, llegar el primero (segundo etc)

to change places with somebody cambiar de sitio con alguien

to fall into place / fit into place / slot into place encajar, cuadrar

■ things are beginning to fall into place las cosas empiezan a cuadrar

to have friends in high places tener amigos influyentes

to give place to something dar paso a algo

to go from place to place ir de un lugar a otro, ir de un sitio a otro, ir de un lado a otro

to go places llegar lejos

to hold something in place sujetar algo

to know one's place saber el lugar que le corresponde a uno

to place a bet hacer una apuesta

to place an order hacer un pedido

to place one's trust in somebody depositar su confianza en alguien

to put oneself in somebody's place ponerse en el lugar de alguien

to put somebody in his place poner a alguien en su sitio

to take place tener lugar

to take second place pasar a un segundo plano

to take the place of ocupar el sitio de, reemplazar, sustituir

decimal place SMALLMATHEMATICS/SMALL punto decimal

place of birth lugar nombre masculino de nacimiento

place of residence domicilio

place of worship lugar nombre masculino de culto

place mat individual nombre masculino

place name topónimo

place ['pleɪs] vt, placed ; placing

1) put, set: poner, colocar

2) situate: situar, ubicar, emplazar

to be well placed: estar bien situado

to place in a job: colocar en un trabajo

3) identify, recall: identificar, ubicar, recordar

I can't place him: no lo ubico

4)

to place an order : hacer un pedido

place n

1) space: sitio m, lugar m

there's no place to sit: no hay sitio para sentarse

2) location, spot: lugar m, sitio m, parte f

place of work: lugar de trabajo

our summer place: nuestra casa de verano

all over the place: por todas partes

3) rank: lugar m, puesto m

he took first place: ganó el primer lugar

4) position: lugar m

everything in its place: todo en su debido lugar

to feel out of place: sentirse fuera de lugar

5) seat: asiento m, cubierto m (a la mesa)

6) job: puesto m

7) role: papel m, lugar m

to change places: cambiarse los papeles

8)

to take place : tener lugar

9)

to take the place of : sustituir a

place (Computing)

n.

• ubicación (Informática) s.f.

n.

• empleo s.m.

• encargo s.m.

• local s.m.

• lugar s.m.

• paraje s.m.

• plaza s.f.

• puesto s.m.

• recinto s.m.

• sitio s.m.

v.

• asentar v.

• colocar v.

• emplazar v.

• fijar v.

• instalar v.

• localizar v.

• meter v.

• poner v.

(§pres: pongo, pones...) pret: pus-

pp: puesto

fut/c: pondr-•)

• situar v.

• ubicar v.

I pleɪs
noun

1)

a) c (spot, position, area) lugar m, sitio m

she was in the right place at the right time and got the job — tuvo la suerte de estar allí en el momento oportuno y le dieron el trabajo

there's no place like home — no hay nada como estar en casa

from place to place — de un lugar or un sitio or un lado a otro

this is no place for a dog — éste no es un lugar apropiado para tener un perro

there's a time and (a) place for everything — todo a su debido tiempo y en su debido lugar

to have friends in high places — tener* amigos influyentes

all over the place — por todas partes, por todos lados

to fall into place — aclararse

to go places: this boy will go places — este chico va a llegar lejos

b) ( specific location) lugar m

place of birth — lugar de nacimiento

c) (in phrases)

in place: when the new accounting system is in place cuando se haya implementado el nuevo sistema de contabilidad; to hold something in place sujetar algo; out of place: modern furniture would look out of place in this room quedaría mal or no resultaría apropiado poner muebles modernos en esta habitación; I felt very out of place there — me sentí totalmente fuera de lugar allí

d) u ( locality) lugar m

2) c

a) (building, shop, restaurant etc) sitio m, lugar m

the hotel was a depressing place — el hotel era deprimente

they've moved to a bigger place — se han mudado a un local (or a una casa) más grande

there's a good pizza place nearby — hay una buena pizzería cerca

b) ( home) casa f

my place — mi casa

we went back to Jim's place — después fuimos a (la) casa de Jim or (AmL tb) fuimos donde Jim or (RPl tb) a lo de Jim

3) c

a) (position, role) lugar m

if I were in your place — yo en tu lugar, yo que tú

it's not my place to interfere — yo no soy quién para meterme

I wouldn't change places with her for anything — no me cambiaría por ella por nada

nobody can ever take your place — nadie podrá jamás ocupar tu lugar or reemplazarte

to know one's place — (dated or hum) saber* el lugar que le corresponde a uno

to put somebody in her/his place — poner* a algn en su lugar

b)

in place of — (as prep) en lugar de

c)

to take place — ( occur) \<\<meeting/concert/wedding\>\> tener* lugar

we don't know what took place that night — no sabemos qué ocurrió or qué sucedió aquella noche

4) c

a) ( seat)

save me a place — guárdame un asiento or un sitio

the hall has places for 500 people — la sala tiene capacidad or cabida para 500 personas

b) ( at table) cubierto m

to lay/set a place for somebody — poner* un cubierto para algn

5) c (in contest, league) puesto m, lugar m

he took first place — obtuvo el primer puesto or lugar

your social life will have to take second place — tu vida social va a tener que pasar a un segundo plano

6) c (in book, script, sequence)

you've made me lose my place — me has hecho perder la página (or la línea etc) por donde iba

the audience laughed in all the right places — el público se rió cuando había que reírse

7) c

a) ( job) puesto m

to fill a place — cubrir* una vacante

b) (BrE Educ) plaza f

c) ( on team) puesto m

8) ( in argument) lugar m

in the first/second place — en primer/segundo lugar

II

transitive verb

1) (put, position) \<\<object\>\> poner*; (carefully, precisely) colocar*; \<\<guards/sentries\>\> poner*, apostar*, colocar*

how are you placed (for) next week? — ¿cómo estás de tiempo la semana que viene?

to place one's confidence o trust in somebody/something — depositar su (or mi etc) confianza en alguien/algo

2)

a) (in hierarchy, league, race)

national security should be placed above everything else — la seguridad nacional debería ponerse por encima de todo

this victory places her among the top three — este triunfo la sitúa entre las tres primeras

the team is currently placed fourth — actualmente el equipo ocupa el cuarto puesto or lugar

b) ( in horseracing)

to be placed — llegar* placé or colocado ( en segundo o tercer lugar)

3)

a) (find a home, job for) colocar*

they placed her with a Boston firm — la colocaron or le encontraron trabajo en una empresa de Boston

b) \<\<advertisement\>\> poner*; \<\<phone call\>\> pedir*; \<\<goods/merchandise\>\> colocar*

we placed an order with Acme Corp — hicimos un pedido a Acme Corp

4) ( identify) \<\<tune\>\> identificar*, ubicar* (AmL)

her face is familiar, but I can't quite place her — su cara me resulta conocida pero no sé de dónde or (AmL tb) pero no la ubico

5) ( direct carefully) \<\<ball/shot\>\> colocar*

[pleɪs]
1. N

1) (gen) lugar m, sitio m

this is the place — este es el lugar, aquí es

we came to a place where... — llegamos a un lugar donde...

• the furniture was all over the place — los muebles estaban todos manga por hombro

we're all over the place — tenemos un lío que no nos aclaramos

• in another or some other place — en otra parte

• any place will do — cualquier lugar vale or sirve

• it all began to fall into place — todo empezó a tener sentido

• when the new law/system is in place — cuando la nueva ley/el nuevo sistema entre en vigor

a blue suit, worn in places — un traje azul, raído a retazos

the snow was a metre deep in places — había tramos or trozos en que la nieve cubría un metro

• this is no place for you — este no es sitio para ti

there was no place to hide — no había donde esconderse

• to run in place — (US) correr en parada

• it must be some place else — (US) estará en otra parte

• a place in the sun — (fig) una posición envidiable

2) (specific) lugar m

• place of amusement — lugar m de diversión

• place of birth — lugar m de nacimiento

• place of business — [of employment] lugar m de trabajo; (=office) oficina f, despacho m ; (=shop) comercio m

• place of refuge — refugio m, asilo m

• place of residence — domicilio m, residencia f

• place of worship — templo m, lugar m de culto

3) (=town, area) lugar m, sitio m

it's a small place — es un pueblo pequeño

• to go places — (US) (=travel) viajar, conocer mundo

he's going places * — (fig) llegará lejos

we like to go places at weekends — durante los fines de semana nos gusta salir de excursión

• from place to place — de un sitio a otro

he drifted from place to place, from job to job — iba de un sitio a otro, de trabajo en trabajo

4) (=house) casa f ; (=building) sitio m

his place in the country — su casa de campo

they have a new place now — tienen una nueva casa ya

we were at Peter's place — estuvimos en casa de Pedro, estuvimos donde Pedro *

come to our place — ven (a visitarnos) a casa

my place or yours? — ¿en mi casa o en la tuya?

I helped him out when he had no place to go — yo le eché una mano cuando no tenía donde ir

there's a new pizza place in town — han abierto un sitio de pizzas en el centro

I must be mad, working in this place — debo de estar loca para trabajar en este sitio or lugar

5) (in street names) plaza f

6) (=proper or natural place) sitio m, lugar m

does this have a place? — ¿tiene esto un sitio determinado?

this isn't the place to discuss politics — no es el lugar más indicado para hablar de política

• his troops were in place — sus tropas estaban en su sitio

he checked that his tie was in place — comprobó que llevaba bien puesta or colocada la corbata

the final arrangements are now in place — ya se han ultimado los preparativos que faltaban

everything in its place — cada cosa en su lugar

to hold sth in place — sujetar algo en su lugar

to put sth back in its place — devolver algo a su sitio

• to be out of place — estar fuera de lugar

it looks out of place here — aquí parece que está fuera de (su) lugar

that remark was quite out of place — aquella observación estaba fuera de lugar

I feel rather out of place here — me siento como que estoy de más aquí, aquí me siento un poco fuera de lugar

• to laugh in or at the right place — reírse en el momento oportuno

7) (in book) página f

• to find/ lose one's place — encontrar/perder la página

• to mark one's place — poner una marca (de por dónde se va) en un libro

8) (=seat) asiento m ; (in cinema, theatre) localidad f ; (at table) cubierto m ; (in queue) turno m ; (in school, university, on trip) plaza f ; (in team) puesto m

are there any places left? — ¿quedan plazas?

is this place taken? — ¿está ocupado este asiento?

he managed to keep his place in the team — logró conservar su puesto en el equipo

a university place — una plaza en la universidad

• to change places with sb — cambiar de sitio con algn

• to give place to — dar paso a

• to lay an extra place for sb — poner otro cubierto para algn

• to lose one's place — (in queue) perder su turno

9) (=job, vacancy) puesto m

his uncle found him a place in the firm — su tío le buscó un puesto en la compañía

places for 500 workers — 500 puestos de trabajo

to seek a place in publishing — buscarse una colocación or un puesto en una casa editorial

10) (=position) lugar m

it is not my place to do it — no me toca a mí hacerlo

put yourself in my place — ponte en mi lugar

if I were in your place — yo en tu lugar, yo que tú

your place is to obey orders — lo tuyo es obedecer órdenes

• I wouldn't mind changing places with her! — ¡no me importaría estar en su lugar!

• friends in high places — amigos mpl bien situados

• to know one's place — saber cuál es su lugar

• racism has no place here — aquí no hay sitio para el racismo

• she occupies a special place in the heart of the British people — ocupa un rincón especial en el corazón del pueblo británico

• to take the place of sth/sb — sustituir or suplir algo/a algn

nobody could ever take his place — nadie sería capaz de sustituirlo

I was unable to go so Sheila took my place — yo no pude ir, así que Sheila lo hizo por mí

11) (in series, rank) posición f, lugar m

• to work sth out to three places of decimals — calcular algo hasta las milésimas or hasta con tres decimales

• Madrid won, with Bilbao in second place — ganó Madrid, con Bilbao en segunda posición or segundo lugar

• she took second place in the race/Latin exam — quedó la segunda en la carrera/el examen de Latín

he didn't like having to take second place to his wife in public — delante de la gente no le gustaba quedar en un segundo plano detrás de su mujer

for her, money takes second place to job satisfaction — para ella un trabajo gratificante va antes que el dinero

- put sb in his place

12) (other phrases)

• in the first/ second place — en primer/segundo lugar

• in place of — en lugar de, en vez de

• to take place — tener lugar

the marriage will not now take place — ahora la boda no se celebrará, ahora no habrá boda

there are great changes taking place — están ocurriendo or se están produciendo grandes cambios

2. VT

1) (=put) (gen) poner; (more precisely) colocar

she placed the dish on the table — puso el plato en la mesa

place the mask over your nose and mouth — colóquese la mascarilla sobre la nariz y la boca

to place a matter in sb's hands — dejar un asunto en manos de algn

the drought is placing heavy demands on the water supply — la sequía está poniendo en serios apuros al suministro de agua

his job places heavy demands on him — su trabajo le exige mucho

unemployment places a great strain on families — el desempleo somete a las familias a una fuerte presión

2) (=give, attribute) [+ blame] echar (on a); [+ responsibility] achacar (on a); [+ importance] dar, otorgar more frm (on a)

• I had no qualms about placing my confidence in him — no tenía ningún reparo en depositar mi confianza en él

• they place too much emphasis on paper qualifications — le dan demasiada importancia a los títulos

• we should place no trust in that — no hay que fiarse de eso

3) (=situate) situar, ubicar

the house is well placed — la casa está bien situada

we are better placed than a month ago — estamos en mejor situación que hace un mes

he is well placed to see it all — está en una buena posición para observarlo todo

we are well placed to attack — estamos en una buena posición para atacar

how are you placed for money? — ¿qué tal andas de dinero?

4) (Comm) [+ order] hacer; [+ goods] colocar; (Econ) [+ money, funds] colocar, invertir

goods that are difficult to place — mercancías fpl que no encuentran salida

to place an advert in a paper — poner un anuncio en un periódico

to place a contract for machinery with a French firm — firmar un contrato con una compañía francesa para adquirir unas máquinas

to place an order (for sth) (with sb) — hacer un pedido (de algo) (a algn)
bet 3., 1)
5) (=find employment for) [agency] encontrar un puesto a, colocar; [employer] ofrecer empleo a, colocar; (=find home for) colocar

the child was placed with a loving family — el niño fue (enviado) a vivir con una familia muy cariñosa

6) (of series, rank) colocar, clasificar

to be placed — (in horse race) llegar colocado

they are currently placed second in the league — actualmente ocupan el segundo lugar de la clasificación

Vigo is well placed in the League — Vigo tiene un buen puesto en la Liga

she was placed in the top group for maths — en matemáticas la colocaron en el grupo de los mejores

7) (=recall, identify) recordar; (=recognize) reconocer; (=identify) identificar, ubicar (LAm)

I can't place her — no recuerdo de dónde la conozco, no la ubico (LAm)

3.

VI
(US) (in race, competition)
to place second — quedar segundo, quedar en segundo lugar

4.

CPD

place card N — tarjeta que indica el lugar de alguien en la mesa

place kick N — (Rugby) puntapié m colocado; (Ftbl) tiro m libre

place mat N — bajoplato m, salvamanteles m inv individual

place name N — topónimo m
place names (as study, in general) toponimia f
the place names of Aragon — la toponimia aragonesa

place setting N — cubierto m

* * *

I [pleɪs]
noun

1)

a) c (spot, position, area) lugar m, sitio m

she was in the right place at the right time and got the job — tuvo la suerte de estar allí en el momento oportuno y le dieron el trabajo

there's no place like home — no hay nada como estar en casa

from place to place — de un lugar or un sitio or un lado a otro

this is no place for a dog — éste no es un lugar apropiado para tener un perro

there's a time and (a) place for everything — todo a su debido tiempo y en su debido lugar

to have friends in high places — tener* amigos influyentes

all over the place — por todas partes, por todos lados

to fall into place — aclararse

to go places: this boy will go places — este chico va a llegar lejos

b) ( specific location) lugar m

place of birth — lugar de nacimiento

c) (in phrases)

in place: when the new accounting system is in place cuando se haya implementado el nuevo sistema de contabilidad; to hold something in place sujetar algo; out of place: modern furniture would look out of place in this room quedaría mal or no resultaría apropiado poner muebles modernos en esta habitación; I felt very out of place there — me sentí totalmente fuera de lugar allí

d) u ( locality) lugar m

2) c

a) (building, shop, restaurant etc) sitio m, lugar m

the hotel was a depressing place — el hotel era deprimente

they've moved to a bigger place — se han mudado a un local (or a una casa) más grande

there's a good pizza place nearby — hay una buena pizzería cerca

b) ( home) casa f

my place — mi casa

we went back to Jim's place — después fuimos a (la) casa de Jim or (AmL tb) fuimos donde Jim or (RPl tb) a lo de Jim

3) c

a) (position, role) lugar m

if I were in your place — yo en tu lugar, yo que tú

it's not my place to interfere — yo no soy quién para meterme

I wouldn't change places with her for anything — no me cambiaría por ella por nada

nobody can ever take your place — nadie podrá jamás ocupar tu lugar or reemplazarte

to know one's place — (dated or hum) saber* el lugar que le corresponde a uno

to put somebody in her/his place — poner* a algn en su lugar

b)

in place of — (as prep) en lugar de

c)

to take place — ( occur) \<\<meeting/concert/wedding\>\> tener* lugar

we don't know what took place that night — no sabemos qué ocurrió or qué sucedió aquella noche

4) c

a) ( seat)

save me a place — guárdame un asiento or un sitio

the hall has places for 500 people — la sala tiene capacidad or cabida para 500 personas

b) ( at table) cubierto m

to lay/set a place for somebody — poner* un cubierto para algn

5) c (in contest, league) puesto m, lugar m

he took first place — obtuvo el primer puesto or lugar

your social life will have to take second place — tu vida social va a tener que pasar a un segundo plano

6) c (in book, script, sequence)

you've made me lose my place — me has hecho perder la página (or la línea etc) por donde iba

the audience laughed in all the right places — el público se rió cuando había que reírse

7) c

a) ( job) puesto m

to fill a place — cubrir* una vacante

b) (BrE Educ) plaza f

c) ( on team) puesto m

8) ( in argument) lugar m

in the first/second place — en primer/segundo lugar

II

transitive verb

1) (put, position) \<\<object\>\> poner*; (carefully, precisely) colocar*; \<\<guards/sentries\>\> poner*, apostar*, colocar*

how are you placed (for) next week? — ¿cómo estás de tiempo la semana que viene?

to place one's confidence o trust in somebody/something — depositar su (or mi etc) confianza en alguien/algo

2)

a) (in hierarchy, league, race)

national security should be placed above everything else — la seguridad nacional debería ponerse por encima de todo

this victory places her among the top three — este triunfo la sitúa entre las tres primeras

the team is currently placed fourth — actualmente el equipo ocupa el cuarto puesto or lugar

b) ( in horseracing)

to be placed — llegar* placé or colocado ( en segundo o tercer lugar)

3)

a) (find a home, job for) colocar*

they placed her with a Boston firm — la colocaron or le encontraron trabajo en una empresa de Boston

b) \<\<advertisement\>\> poner*; \<\<phone call\>\> pedir*; \<\<goods/merchandise\>\> colocar*

we placed an order with Acme Corp — hicimos un pedido a Acme Corp

4) ( identify) \<\<tune\>\> identificar*, ubicar* (AmL)

her face is familiar, but I can't quite place her — su cara me resulta conocida pero no sé de dónde or (AmL tb) pero no la ubico

5) ( direct carefully) \<\<ball/shot\>\> colocar*

English-spanish dictionary > place

Страницы

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